Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matter &
Measurement
1
Chemistry—The Science of Everyday
Experience
Chemistry is the study of matter—its composition,
properties, and transformations.
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States of Matter
Three States of Matter—Solid, Liquid, and Gas
Liquid:
• has definite volume,
• takes the shape of its container, and
• has particles that are close together, but they can
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States of Matter
Three States of Matter—Solid, Liquid, and Gas
Gas:
• has no definite shape or volume,
• expands to fill the volume and assumes the
shape of whatever container it is put in, and
• has particles that are very far apart and move
around randomly.
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States of Matter
Properties of Matter
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States of Matter
Properties of Matter
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States of Matter
Properties of Matter
Chemical properties determine how a substance can
be converted into another substance.
Chemical change, or chemical reaction, converts
one substance into another. For example:
• a piece of paper burning,
• metabolizing an apple for energy, or
• oxygen and hydrogen combining to form water.
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Classification of Matter
Pure Substance
• is composed of a single component,
• has a constant composition, regardless of sample
size and origin of sample, and
• cannot be broken down to other pure substances
by a physical change.
• Table sugar (C12H22O11) and water (H2O) are both
pure substances.
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Classification of Matter
Mixture
• is composed of more than one substance
• can have varying composition (any combination
of solid, liquid, and gas), depending on the sample
• can be separated into its components by a
physical change
• sugar dissolved in water = mixture
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Classification of Matter
Element vs. Compound
An element is a A compound is a
pure substance that pure substance formed
cannot be broken down by chemically joining
by a chemical change. two or more elements.
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Measurement
The Importance of Units
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Measurement
The Metric System of Units
Each type of measurement has a base unit.
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Measurement
The Metric System of Units
• Other units are related to the base unit by a power of 10.
• The prefix of the unit name indicates if the unit is larger
or smaller than the base unit.
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Measurement
Measuring Length
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Measurement
Measuring Mass
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an
object.
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Measurement
Measuring Volume
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc
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English-Metric Equalities
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Significant Figures
Exact and Inexact Numbers
An exact number results from counting objects or is
part of a definition.
• 10 fingers
• 10 toes
• 1 meter = 100 centimeters
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Significant Figures
Determining Significant Figures
Significant figures are all the digits in a measured
number including one estimated digit.
3.7500 cm 620. lb
5 sig. figures 3 sig. figures
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Significant Figures
Rules to Determine When a Zero
is a Significant Figure
Rule 2: A zero does not count as a significant figure
when it occurs:
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Significant Figures
Rules for Multiplication and Division
The answer has the same number of significant figures
as the original number with the fewest significant
figures.
4 sig. figures
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Significant Figures
Rules for Rounding Off Numbers
to be retained to be dropped
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Significant Figures
Rules for Addition and Subtraction
The answer has the same number of decimal places
as the original number with the fewest decimal places.
y x 10x Exponent:
Any positive
or negative
Coefficient: whole number
A number between
1 and 10
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Scientific Notation
HOW TO Convert a Standard Number to Scientific Notation
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Scientific Notation
Converting a Number in Scientific Notation
to a Standard Number
• When the exponent x is positive, move the
decimal point x places to the right.
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Problem Solving Using Conversion
Factors
original desired
x conversion factor = quantity
quantity
2.21 lb
1 kg
130 lb x or Answer
2 sig. figures
1 kg
2.21 lb = 59 kg
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Using the Factor-Label Method
HOW TO Solve a Problem Using Conversion Factors
325 mg x 1g = 0.325 g
1000 mg
3 sig. figures 3 sig. figures
Unwanted unit
cancels
1.0 pt x 1 qt x 1 L = 0.47 L
2 pt 1.06 qt
2 sig. figures 2 sig. figures
41
Problem Solving Using Clinical
Conversion Factors
Sometimes conversion factors do not have to be
looked up in a table; they are stated in the problem.
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Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
Three temperature scales are used:
• degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
• degrees Celsius (°C)
• Kelvin (K)
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Density and Specific Gravity
Density
Density is a physical property that relates the mass of
a substance to its volume.
mass (g)
density =
volume (mL or cc)