Group 1 – Team Butterfly

Reporters:

Abegail Pagmanua Alyza Porras

Cheilo Quiñones Deo Bura-ay
Irah Joy Tambagan Joshua Dan Cortez
Judy Echupas Kent Kamal
Leah Cumayas Michael Axer
Abubacar
 Chapter 1

"Communication in the Twenty- First

Century"
Chapter Objectives:
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Have a thorough understanding of
communication models and processes;

2. Understand the importance of ethics in

communication and academic writing; and
3. Discover how the English language
spread throughout the world, and
appreciate the differences between
Standard English, World Englishes, and
Philippine English.
Before – Reading Questions

1. Why is communication important to you?

2. Why is communication important to society?

3. Why do you think communication skills are

considered to be essential in being good citizens?
Lesson 1:

Communication Models
 Introduction :

"The art of communication is the language

of leadership." (James Humes)
What is communication?
 What is communication?

“A symbolic process whereby reality is produced,

maintained, repaired and transformed” in his 1992
book “Communication as Culture,”

- James Carey,

Media critic and Theorist

According to Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl
(2013), in their book Communication Models
for the Study of Mass Communications, “ a
model seeks to show the main elements of
any structure or process and the relationship
between these elements:.
It helps in explaining by providing in a
simplified way information which would
otherwise be complicated or ambiguous.”
(2)
First Communication Model
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
The earliest model comes from Aristotle at
around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains
that speakers should adjust their messages
according to their audience and the occasion to
achieve a particular effect.
Second Communication Model
The Shannon-Weaver model was created by
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, this
often called “Telephone Model”, since it was
developed because of the technology of the
telephone and the experience of “noise”
coming from the switchboard.
Third Communication Model
Osgood-Schramm Model of
Communication
In this model, pay attention to the role of
the interpreter. Encoding and decoding are
not automatic processes both go through
the filter of the interpreter.
The Last Model is Eugene’s Stages of Oral
Communication
According to White, it is possible to begin at
any of the stages outlined in his model.
People are under the mistaken impression
that when we communicate, we usually start
with thinking, but that is not necessarily the
case.
 Lesson 2:

Communication Ethics
According to US National Communication
Association (NCA 1999) discusses this in their
Credo for Communication stating that…
“Ethical Communication “ is fundamental
to responsible thinking, decision making
and the development of relationships and
communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels and media.
In their Credo, there are four ethical
principles of communication that are
especially relevant for students today.
1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty ,
and reason as essentials to the integrity of
communication. ( NCA 1999)
2. Freedom of expression, diversity of
perspective, and tolerance of dissent to
achieve the informed and responsible
decision- making fundamental to a civil
society. ( NCA 1999)
3. Condemn communication that degrades
individuals and humanity through
distortion, intimidation, coercion , and
violence and through the expression of
intolerance and hatred. ( NCA 1999)
4. Accept responsibility for the short and
long term consequences of our own
communication and expect the same of
others. ( NCA 1999)
 Lesson 3:

Communication and Globalization

Globalization

Globalization has affected us in numerous

ways:

-Airfare has become cheaper.

-Many Filipinos have decided to work or live
abroad
-The free trade of goods and services all over
the world has brought multinational
companies and foreign investors to our
shores.
-Because of all of these factors, it is
imperative to be aware of the differences
between our culture and the rest of the
world’s culture.
-The world seems to be shrinking continually
because of the advent of the internet.
-One can communicate internationally in a matter
of seconds.
-One can read about different cultures.
-One should know the difference between
the kind of English that we write and speak
and the kind of Englishes that exist outside of
the Philippines.
World Englishes

-David Crystal (2003) begins the first chapter

of the book, English as a Global Language
with the assertion that English is, in fact; the
global language.
-After giving various examples to support this
statement, he questions the assertion by
asking, “What does it mean to say that a
language is global?”(Crystal, 2003)
-There are many World Englishes, sometimes it
is referred to as “varieties of English” used in
the world.
-All are equal in the sense that each is best
suited to the communication needs of its
speakers, but not equal in prestige.
African American English (AAE)

-Is an example of a social variety of English that

is being used by many (but not all) African
Americans in different regions of the USA.
-There are certain features such as ‘g-
dropping’ in words like readin’ (reading),
walkin’ (walking), and singin’ (singing) are
stigmatized.
Ruanni Tupas and Rabdy (2015)

-Are some scholars that that uses the term

“unequal Englishes” to focus discussions of
“the unequal ways and situations in which
Englishes are arranged, configured, and
contested”.
British English and American English
- Two most well-known varieties of English
with those of the colonial superpowers.
-It could also be that English may have been
brought to that country as a language of
conquest by English-colonizers-as in South
Africa, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and
the Philippines.
English is also studied as foreign language in
some non- English speaking countries, such as
Holland and Yugoslavia, as mentioned earlier
by McCrum, and in Korea and Japan.
-In the Philippine English as well, has its unique
and idiosyncratic usages, an example of this
are;

-“Comfort room”, is a Philippine term for

“washroom”

-“Toilet”, or “lavatory”
Matthew Sutherland

-Who writes about Philippine English from

Englishman’s perspective talks about the
expression “for a while”, which he says baffles
foreigners because the expression does not
exist outside of the Philippines.
-Sutherland notes that “for a while” is frequently
used in the Philippines on the telephone,
whereas in the UK, the more typical expression
would be “hold on”, or “hang on”(quoted in
Aguilar, 2004). The UK’s equivalent, he says, is
“just a second” or just a moment” (quoted in
Aguilar, 2004).
-Sutherland also notes that” Every English
speaking nation has it’s own set of English
and idioms; English is equally indiosyncratic
in, say, India, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, or
Singapore.”
In fact Sutherland says “ The many version
of English spoken around the globe merely
serve to make English an even richer
tongue.”
-In the context of academic and professional
writing to follow a standard. This standard
advocates the use of a consistent spelling and
punctuation system. It also avoid colloquial and
informational usages.
-The label for this variety Standard English or
depending on a region – Standard American
English, Standard British English, or Standard
Philippine English.
This is defined as a consisting of “ the
conventional vocabulary and usage of
educated speakers and writers of English”
(Roberts & Turgeon, 1998).
-Standard English “ does not include slang ,
vulgarism, regionalism, and other
constrictions that are considered unorthodox
by those seeking a language acceptable to a
general audience” (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998).
Culturally sensitive and Bias-Free Language

Culturally sensitive
-Important as awareness of the existence of
the world English is that of practicing
Cultural sensitivity.
-means to be aware that cultural differences
and similarities between people exist.
Bias-Free Language

-Academic and Profesisonal writings are

characterized by Bias-Free Language.
-Student,scholar, Professional and Anyone
wishing to maintain harmonious
Communicative relations.
-Should be careful in using words and phrases that
don not discriminate against particular Groups.
1.Race and ethnicity

-Racism is a form Discrimination against a

person or persons of a Different race.
-Race is an emotionally charged topic, it is
Best to tread to carefully with the language
used and to refer to race.
Gender and Sexual Orientation

-Sexism refers to the prejudice and

discrimination based on sex or gender.
-One should favor gender- neutral words or
phrases over gender-biased words.
Ex. Rather than “man-made”, one can say
“manufactured”, “synthetic”, or “artificial”.
Neutral Words should also be chosen over
words with “man” and “woman” in job titles
and description.
Ex: “Chairperson” in place of “Chairman”
“Flight Attendant” in place of “Stewardess”
“Labor” in place of “Man Power”
One should also avoid sexist terms like
“woman lawyer” and “male nurse” and
simply use “lawyer” and “nurse”.
-Pronouns may be also gender-biased.
Ex: When the masculine “he” pronoun is
used as a generic one for both genders.
Gender-Biased Pronoun can be avoided by
the following:
a. Dropping pronouns that signify gender and
restating the sentence.

B. Changing to plural construction.

C. Replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with

“one” or “you”
Social Class
-Class discrimination or classism is a form of
prejudice against a person or people because of
their social class.
An example of language with bias against class
is the American term “ white trash” which is
not only a racial but a classical one that refers
to a white people, usually from the rural
Southern United States, coming from a lower
social class inside the white population.
There are examples from Philippine culture
as well, in the informal terms “conyo” and
“jologs” both derogatory terms referring to
class.
The second, now perhaps replaced by
the term “jejemon,” as used in
reference to an idiosyncratic spelling or
writing style, is used to describe persons
who look poor and out of style.
4. Age
Ageism is a form of discrimination
against other people because of their
age, or assuming that older people are
less physically, intellectually, or
emotionally able than other age groups.
The capabilities of younger people should
also not be underestimated on the basis o
their age.
5.Disabilities
Discrimination in this area often arises
because of lack of understanding and
awareness. Therefore, first, it is important
to distinguish some terms that are
mistakenly understood to be synonymous.
A disability that may result from arthritis is
difficulty in walking ,or walking unevenly
and haltingly. People who limp may be
handicapped by having to climb stairs in
building with no elevators.
Synthesis-These general guiding principles
are helpful but not always apt.

-It emphasized that research necessary to

become aware of trends and debates in this
and other areas.
This ends our report

Thank you!