Communication in the 21th Century

"The art of communication is the language of leadership." James Humes

It is a mistake to believe that communication is a simple process. Although people truly
understood each other, communicate with one another everyday, the real question is
whether the ideas one has expressed are understood.
Communication breakdowns happen in every part of the globe, and these have led to a
plethora of problems.
Effective Communication can breach peace , spark revolutions, and affect change in
government.

The art of one's communication reflects the art of one's thinking. According to James Belin
(1982), one of the major proponents of The New Rhetoric, "In teaching writing, we are not
simply offering training in a useful technical skill that is meant as simple complement to the
more important studies of other areas. We are teaching a way of experiencing the world, a
way of ordering and making sense of it."

This is also true when it comes to all the language skills essential in communication, whether
this is in writing, reading, listening, or speaking. They are tools that help analyze, critique, and
negotiate with the world.

COMMUNICATION MODELS
According to Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl(2013),
in their book Communication models for the study of Mass Communications, "A model seeks
to show the main elements of any structure or process and the relationship between these
elements... It helps in experiencing by providing in a simplified way of information which
would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous."

The earliest comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains that
speakers should adjust their messages according to their audience and occasion to achieve a
particular effect.

ARISTOTLE MODEL COMMUNICATION

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT
SHANNON WEAVER MODEL
SENDER ENCODER CHANNEL DECODER RECEIVER

Osgood Schramm Model Of Communication

Message
Encoder interpreter decoder
Message
Decoder Interpreter Encoder

White Stages oral communication

Monitoring-thinking-symbolizing-expressing- transmitting-receiving-decoding-feedbacking
The last model is Eugene White’s Stages of Oral Communication.
According to White, it is possible to begin at any of stages outlined in his model. People are
under the mistaken impression that when we communicate, we usually start with thinking,
but that is not necessarily that case. Since it is a circular model, ideas that
oral communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or end. The most
important contribution from Eugene White's model is the concept of feedback, which can
only be processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the
listener.

In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that starts with the speaker and ends
with the listener, there are many factors that should be considered. When it comes to the
message, how the message is organized and what field of experience it comes from should be
taken into consideration. When it comes to the sender, the best communication is the one
that involves feedback.
Furthermore, there are several kinds of "noise" that may severely affect the reception of the
message and thus, should be considered and avoided. Cultural differences, technology, and
interpretation need to be considered as well. To be good communicators.
US National Communication Association (NCA, 1999)
"Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making, and the
development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures,
channels, and media.”

NCA, (1999)
4 Ethical Principles of Communication
1.Advocate honesty and reason as essential to the integrity of communication.
2.Freedom of expression, diversity or perspective.
3.Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion.
4. Accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication
and expect the same of others.
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION.

GLOBALIZATION.
Globalization through communication. The importance and role of communication are over-
riding and all pervading in business as well as in all human end yours.

WORLD ENGLISHES.
David Crystal (2003) begins the first chapter of the book English as a Global Language with
assertion that English is in fact the global language

British and American English

English may have been brought to the country as a language of conquest by Englsih speaking
colonizers as In south Africa, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines.
English has a particular role as official language, medium of instruction, or even language of
law and government.
McCrum said English is also studied as a foreign language in some non-earlier and Korea and
Japan.

THE MOST WELL KNOWN VARIETY IN ENGLISH

AMERICAN ENGLISH SAMPLE
APARTMENT
COLLEGE
VACATION
SCHEDULE
AIRPLANE
MAILBOX
COOKIE
SWEATER

BRITISH ENGLISH
FLAT
UNIVERSITY
HOLIDAY
TIMETABLE
AEROPLANE
POSTBOX
BISCUIT
JUMPER

Sutherland also notes that “every English speaking nation has its own set of English phrases
and idioms
English is equality idiosyncratic in, day, India, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, or Singapore. “ in other
words, there is no wrong way of speaking English as long as those who speak it understand
each other.
In fact, Sutherland says, “the many versions of English spoken around the globe merely serve
to make English have individual or peculiar usages is why it is important in the context of
academic and professional writing to follow a standard.
The label for this variety is standard English or depending on the region standard American
English, standard British English, or standard Philippine English.
This is defined as “the conventional vocabulary And usage of educated speakers and writers
of English”

COMMUNICATION ETHICS

Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making, and the

development of relationships and communities within and across context, culture, channel
and media.
Ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness,
fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.
Four Ethical Pinciple of Communication
1. "Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and reason as essential to the integrity of
communication" (NCA, 1999).

2. . Freedom of expression, diversity and perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve

unity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the
expression of intolerance and hatred" (1999)

3. "condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion,

intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and
hatred" (1999)

4. "Accept responsibility for the short-term and long-term consequences of our own
communication and expect the same of others"
Lesson 3: Communication and globalization
Globalization
Globalization has affected us in numerous way.
Air fare has become cheaper.
Many Filipinos have decided to work or live abroad.
Free trade of goods and services brought multinational companies

Because of the advent of the internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually.
One can communicate internationally in a matter of seconds, whether one is sending an
email, chatting in social media, or sending text message.
One can read about different cultures, and have access films, academic papers, and the like of
countries around the world, and vise versa.
Given this increasingly shrinking world, one should know the difference between the kind of
English that we write and speak, and kind of Englishes that exist outside of the Philippines.

World Englishes
David Crystal (2003) begins the first chapter of the book English as a Global Language with an
assertion that English is, in fact, the global language.
In the story of English, Robert McCrum et al. (1986) discuss the “success story” of the rise of
English.

Reading in world English

The rise of English is a remarkable success story. When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly
2000 years ago, English did not exist. Nearly a thousand years later, at the end of the 16th
Century, when William Shakespeare was in his prime, English was the native speech of
between 5 and 7 million Englishmen, and it was, in the words of contemporary, “of small
reach, it stretched no further than this island of ours, naive not there over all.
The emergence of English as a global phenomenon as either a first, second, or foreign
language has recently inspired the idea that we should talk not of English but of many
English.
The 2 most well known varieties of English
American English
British English

American English
American English varieties include many common pronunciations, vocabulary, spelling, and
other features found nationwide in comparison to other English dialects around the world.

British English
 According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English, British English shares "all
the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted
in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".

Philippine English
As a historical colony of the United States, the Philippine English lexicon shares most of its
vocabulary from American English, but also has loanwords from native languages and
Spanish, as well as some usages, coinages, and slang peculiar to the Philippines.
Due to the influence of the Spanish languages, Philippine English also contains Spanish-
derived terms, including Anglicizations, some resulting into false friends, such as "salvage".

As mentioned earlier, all of these World Englishes are equal in functionality but not all are
equal in prestige.
The idea, however, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English of ones country because
each variety, including those of the United States and United Kingdom, has its own peculiar
or individual features.

Culturally sensitive and bias-free language

To write in a culturally sensitive way means to be aware that cultural differences and
similarities between people exist and that these should not be assigned a positive or negative
value via words and description selected in writing.
Academic and professional writings are characterized by bias free language.
The essential point is to communicate in a way that is respectful of diversity.

Race and ethnicity

Racism is a form of discrimination against a person of a different race.
In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group.
Race is an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the language used
and to refer to race,
as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in English for the Professions, “Only if it is relevant to what
you have to say.
For example, although the assessment is positive in the sentence
“Naturally, the Asian students won the math contest,” the word “naturally” reinforces the
stereotype or generalization that Asians have superior aptitude in math.
According to Kitty Locker and Donna Kienzler (2013), one should “refer to a group by the term
it prefers,” which means some research is required to find out about acceptable and
preferred terms.

For example, for a long time, “Native American” has been considered the politically correct
term for the indigenous peoples of the Americas, over the label “Red Indian.” Assumptions
should not be made that stereotype a race, nationality, or ethic group with a specific religion.
For example, not all Arabs are Muslims, not all Indians are Buddhists, and not all Filipinos are
Roman Catholics.

2. Gender and sexual orientation

Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of
all people in general references,
one should favor gender – neutral words and phrases over gender – biased words.
Neutral words should also be chosen over words with “man” and “woman” in job titles or
descriptions.
Other gender – related terms may have to do with gender orientation or sexual orientation. It
is important to be sensitive to new attitudes about homosexual, transsexual, and transgender
people.
For example, most gay people prefer the term “gay” to the more clinical “homosexual” as a
label. “Lesbian” is currently the term preferred by gay women. Transgender people prefer to
be referred to as being the gender they identify as, not their birth gender.

3. Social class
Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of
their social class.
An example of language with a bias against class is the American term “white trash,
which is not only a racial slur but a classist one that refers to white people,
usually from the rural Southern United States, coming from a lower social class inside the
white population
The term is negative not just because of the words that comprise it but because of its
connotation of danger;
white trash people are seen as criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for authority.

There are examples from Philippine culture as well, in the informal terms “conyo” and
“jologs,” both derogatory terms referring to class.

Classism may also appear even in more formal technology. Sociologist/Activity Betsy Leondar

Wright, argues in a video interview that classist terms “attribute favorable traits to the
wealthy and powerful” and “those in poverty or near-poverty are similarly cast in a negative
light” (Classism Exposed, 2014).

Example, instead of “the owning class,” on can use “the upper class”
or “the privileged class,” and instead of “the underclass,”
one can say “the less privileged” describe a condition of “chronic poverty.”
In the Philippines, “informal settlers” is now the more politically correct term for “squatters.”
Age
Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming
that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age
groups.
The American Psychological Association, writers should be specific when referring to males
and females in terms of their age.
Females 18 years or older are women, not girls. “Girls” refers to those in high school or
younger (under 18). The same is true for “boys” and “man.”

Disabilities
Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness.
Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to
be synonymous.
Finally, when referring to people with disabilities, the focus should be on the person, not the
condition (Arinto, 2009).
In Patricia Arinto’s English for the Professions (2009), she advises writers to avoid hurtful
expressions such as “retards” or even the seemingly neutral description “the mentally
retarded” and to use instead “people with mental retardation.
Similarly, instead of “the blind” and “cancer patients,”
one should instead use “people with vision impairments”
and “people being treated for cancer,” respectively.
Arinto (2009) suggest considering the negative implications or usages such as “confined to a
wheelchair” and “AIDS victim.
For the former, one should instead write or say “uses a wheelchair” because wheelchairs
enable people to escape confinement,
while for the latter, one should use “person with AIDS” as someone who can acquire a
disease without being victimized by it.
Intercultural communication (or cross cultural communication) is a discipline that
studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects
communication.
Intercultural Communication- It describes the wide range of communication processes and
problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of
individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.
Intercultural Communication- In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different
countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.

Cultural Differences in Non-Verbal Communication

Handshakes
Greetings
Eye Contact
Gestures
Posture
Touch
Physical Space
Paralanguage
Facial Expression

Three Approaches to Intercultural Communication

Social Science or Functionalist
Interpretative
Critical

Relationship of Culture and Communication

Communication influence by culture
Contribution of the approach
Identifies cultural variations; recognizes cultural differences in many aspects of
communication but often does not consider context

Social Science or Functionalist

Discipline- Anthropology, sociolinguistics
Research goal- Describe and predict behavior
Assumption of reality- External and describable
Assumption of human behavior- Predictable
Method of study- Survey and Observation
Relationship of Culture and Communication- Communication influence by culture
Contribution of the approach- Identifies cultural variations; recognizes cultural differences in
many aspects of communication but often does not consider context

INTERPRETATIVE
Discipline- Anthropology, sociolinguistics
Research goal- Describe behavior
Assumption of reality- Subjective
Assumption of human behavior- Creative and voluntary
Method of study- Participant observation, field study
Method of study- Participant observation, field study
Relationship of Culture and Communication- Culture created and maintained through
communication
Contribution of the approach- Emphasizes that communication and culture and cultural
differences should be studied in context

CRITICAL
Discipline- Various
Research goal- Change behavior
Assumption of reality- Subjective and material
Assumption of human behavior- Changeable
Method of study- Textual analysis of media
Relationship of Culture and Communication- Culture as site of power and struggle
Contribution of the approach- Recognizes the economic and political factors in culture and
communication; asserts that all intercultural interactions are characterized by power

EXAMPLES FOR NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Eye contact
In many Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact is seen as a sign of respect. However, those in
Latin and North America consider eye contact important for conveying equality among
individuals.
Touch
In America, for example, using a firm handshake is considered appropriate to greet a stranger
or another business professional. In France it is common to kiss someone you greet on both
cheeks. Touching children on the head is fine in North America. Yet in Asia, this is considered
highly inappropriate, as the head is considered a sacred part of the body. In the Middle East,
the left hand is customarily used to handle bodily hygiene. Therefore, using that hand to
accept a gift or shake hands is considered extremely rude. There are also a wide range of
cultural viewpoints on the appropriate rules regarding physical contact between both similar
and opposite genders.
Gestures
Individuals in the United States use the “OK” sign to convey that something is acceptable. In
Japan, the same hand symbol means “money.” Argentinians, Belgians, the French and the
Portuguese all use the symbol to mean “zero” or “nothing.”
Physical Space
Countries that are densely populated generally have much less need for personal space than
those that are not. The Japanese, for example, are less likely to react strongly to an accidental
touch by a stranger than Americans. Less personal space is also needed in areas such as Latin
America, and, in the context of one-on-one conversations, the Middle East.
Facial Expressions
Winking is a facial expression particularly varied in meaning. In Latin America, for example,
the gesture is often considered a romantic or sexual invitation. The Yoruba people in Nigeria
wink at their children if they want them to leave the room. And the Chinese consider the
gesture rude.
Posture
Posture can convey power structures, attitudes and levels of civility. Slouching in Taiwan is
considered disrespectful, while other parts of the world may not think much of it one way or
another. In America, standing with hands on the hips may suggest power or pride, but in
Argentina, it may suggest anger or a challenge.
Many cultures also frown upon showing the bottom of the shoe, something that is considered
dirty. Therefore, sitting with the foot resting on the opposite knee is strongly discouraged in
places such as many Arab countries.
Paralanguage
“Paralanguage” refers to factors of speech such as accent, pitch range, volume or articulation.
In Britain, for example, people use volume to convey anger, while in India, they use it to
command attention. Japanese women make a point of raising the pitch of their voices to
differentiate themselves from men. In America, voice pitch between genders remains
comparably the same.
The use of and attitude toward silence can also be considered a type of paralanguage. The
Greeks use silence as a way to refuse things, while Egyptians use it to consent.

WHAT IS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION?

Intercultural communication has an important role to play in effective communication.
Awareness of the different varieties of English with their features as well as understanding
the registers of English should be the goal of everyone so that there is less misunderstanding
and miscommunication.

CAUSES OF MISCOMMUNICATION PRONUNCIATION, SPEAKERS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF

ENGLISH, HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS OF PRONOUNCING WORDS.

Kachru and Nelson (2006). Claimed that in terms of pronunciation, most Outer and Expanding
Circle varieties display difference from the inner circle varieties, similar to those found
between regional dialects within the inner circle varieties.

Varieties of English language

-American English -Philippine English
Examples
elemTAry vs. eleMENTary (Elementary)
Istreet vs Streeet (Street)
Brids vs Bridge (Bridge)
Ass vs Asks (Asks)
Thought vs tot (thought)
Closez vs Closes (Closes)
Dat vs That (that)
Tin vs Thin (Thin)
Measure vs Meazure (Measure)
Chip vs Cheap (cheap)

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
It is required to communicate, or share information, with people from other cultures and
social groups and  also requires an understanding that different cultures have different
customs, standards, social mores, and even thought patterns.
CHALLENGES
Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause
of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of
intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
ETHNOCENTRISM
MISCOMMUNICATION
(language barrier

THE HANDSHAKE

UNITED STATES- FIRM HANDSHAKE

FRANCE- SOFT HANDSHAKE
GERMANY- FIRM HANDSHAKE WITH A SLIGHT BOW
JAPAN- HANDSHAKE WITH ARM FIRMLY EXTENDED WITH A BOW
MIDDLE EAST- HANDSHAKE AND FREEHAND PLACED ON THE FOREARM OF THE OTHER
PERSON

BOWING
Like handshake , greetings rituals also vary from culture to culture.

In the German bow which is termed as DIENER means a bow to and in recognition of an
authority “ when a person bow he is actually sending the message AT YOUR SERVICE”

SOURCES OF MISUNDERSTANDING
AMBIGUITY
PERFORMANCE-RELATED MISUNDERSTANDING
LANGUAGE-RELATED MISUNDERSTANDING-
GAPS IN WORLD KNOWLEDGE-
LOCAL CONTEXT

AMBIGUITY- lack of explicitness

PERFORMANCE-RELATED MISUNDERSTANDING- Slips of the tongue and mishearing
LANGUAGE-RELATED MISUNDERSTANDING- Ungrammaticality of sentence
GAPS IN WORLD KNOWLEDGE- Gaps in content rather than language

LOCAL CONTEXT-The set of conditions or the environment associated with a geographic area
or jurisdiction. A fusion center can apply a local context to any analysis it does that would
involve considering local issues, conditions, implications, and other locally generated
information.

APPROACHES TO STUDYING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

FOUR PRIMARY APPROACHES
SOCIAL SCIENCE
INTERPRETIVE
CRITICAL
DIALECT

FOUR PRIMARY APPROACHES

SOCIAL SCIENCE -The social science approach is based on the assumptions that human
behavior is predictable and that there is a describable external reality
INTERPRETIVE-Interpretive researchers are interested in describing human behaviors which
they believe to be unpredictable and creative; they believe that culture is both created and
perpetuated through the means of communication.
CRITICAL-The critical approach views reality as subjective and focuses on the importance of
studying the context in which communication occurs
DIALECT-The social science, critical and interpretive approaches to studying intercultural
communication are all valuable.

Explanation essay
An explanation essay is an example of a written piece of work that addresses “why” question.
It explains a particular topic to the reader.

Explanation essay Since it is meant to inform or educate the readers, the essay should
present convincing and adequate supporting details for the explanations

Explanation essay- “why” questions is very important, because if the people in the ancient past did not
ask “why” or attempt to answer questions, we would have limited knowledge about many things in our
world today.

Lingua franca- also known as bridge language, a common language or a language or dialect
systematically used to make communication possible between people;

Lingua franca- share a native language or dialect, particularly when it’s a third language that is a distinct
from that of the speaker of native language

Linguistic nationalism- a dominant culture’s use of language to exercise it’s dominance.

Cultural chauvinism- is simply biased, unreasonable devotion to one's own culture

Siloed – as to have put something into a silo, a structure often used on farms for grain storage and used
by the military to store missiles.

Crème de la crème- the best person or thing of a particular kind.

Mano o mano – is a Spanish expression that is defined as hand to hand or used to refer to a face to face
confrontation between to people.

Bourgeois - means relating to or typical of the middle class. If someone says, "Oh, how bourgeois!" it's
probably an insult, meaning you're preoccupied with middle-class small-mindedness. As a noun, a
bourgeois is a member of the middle class, originally a member of the middle class in France.
batting an eyelashes- bat an eyelash
To display a subtle emotional reaction, such as consternation, annoyance, sadness, joy, etc. Generally
used in the negative to denote that the person in question did not display even a hint of an emotional
response

Mansion of Languages

The author introduced the topic of his essay by quoting words about the significance of proficiency of
the English language from his mentor, the National Artist for Literature and theater Rolando S. Tinio.

National Artist for Literature and theater Rolando S. Tinio. -The author is explaining why many Filipinos
are being hired to teach English in other ASEAN countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and China.

National Artist for Literature and theater Rolando S. Tinio- He is further explaining why the students in
English are also the best students in Filipino after giving three main reasons

What is a Research-Based Argumentative Essay?

Is a specific type of writing in which a student chooses a topic (often a controversial topic), researches it
extensively, and then uses the evidence gathered in their research process to establish their opinion or
position on the topic in an essay designed to persuade others to share that opinion.

Explanation Essay answers the question “why?” Used to inform readers about why something happens.

Researched may be used but is not required.

Blog is a personal journal or diary entry that is posted online. Used to entertain, instruct, inform, and to
persuade. Research may be used but is not required.

Argumentative Essay presents a writer’s position with support from research studies. Used to persuade
readers to accept the writer’s position. Research must be used to support writer’s claim or position.

The argumentative essay is typically composed of:

Clear, concise, and defined thesis statement

that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay- Your thesis should be specific, accurate, and arguable. A
thesis statement that is not debatable (or that cannot be seen from at least two different and opposing
perspectives) would make for a pretty pointless argumentative essay.
The thesis statement of an argumentative essay acts as a brief, explicit guide for your reader. It is a one
or two sentence summary of the point that you're trying to make in your paper and acts as the focus
around which you will organize your entire essay, so it's important to get that statement nailed early on.

Remember that the best thesis statement:

Makes a claim or argument. It is not a statement of fact and is more than a statement of opinion.

Should come early in the paper and be easily identifiable.

Introduces the reader to the topic of the paper AND identifies the specific arguments that will be used to
support the writer's argument.

2. Information

that places your topic within a social and factual context. You should provide background information
geared toward your specific audience so that they can clearly understand your arguments and the
importance of the issue you're exploring.

3. Your arguments,

organized into body paragraphs that include evidential support. These are the reasons you offer to
support and explain the position you take in your thesis statement. Be sure to include clear and logical
transitions between these paragraphs.

4.Your opponents' arguments,

or counter arguments and your response to them. These are the objections that your opponents would
raise against your arguments, and have to be addressed in order for your paper to be truly persuasive.
Responding to your opponents arguments and pointing out why they are invalid is as important as
presenting your own!

5. A conclusion

that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

The word blog is a short form of “web log”

The term “blog” was first used in the 1990s. It is a short version of “weblog”, or an individualized piece
of written work found on the web.
BLOG
A regularly updated website or web page, typically one run by an individual or small group, that is
written in an informal or conversational style.

Nouns

1.a website containing a writer’s or group of writers’ own experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and
often having images and links to other websites.

Nouns

2. A single entry or post on such a website: She regularly contributes a blog to the magazine’s website.
Verb (used without object), blogged, blogging.

3. To maintain or add new entries to a blog.

Verb (used with object), blogged, blogging.

4. To express or write about on a blog:

She’s been blogging her illness for almost a year.

Blogs, like diary entries, are individual accounts of a writer’s experiences and emotions. Thus, the
viewpoint is usually personal and subjective.

However, blogs are different from the traditional journal or diary entry in the sense that blogs are
uploaded to online platforms that make it easier for bloggers to include visual features, as well as links
to other site on the net.

Unlike diary entries, blogs are public in nature. This means that bloggers, even if they write about
personal issues, must present these issues in a way that would interest the general public. Blogs,
compared to diary entries, are more concerned with communicating.
WHAT IS BLOGGING?

In the early 2000s, blogging emerged in all different phases when several political blogs were born. Also,
blogs with how-to manuals began to appear. Established institutions began to note the difference
between journalism and blogging.

Why is blogging so popular?

Blogging is popular because it works as a marketing tool and makes money. But blogging isn't all

rainbows and unicorns in the world of online income. ... Blogging requires a great deal of time.

Blogs allow you to talk about any topics and express your opinion.
You’ll find some bloggers writing on every activity that took place during the day

Who is a blogger?

When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a post, which is a single piece of
writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites.

Isaac Mao is the first Chinese blogger. He published his first post on 05 August 2002. All that Mao wrote
in his first post was “From today, I’m stepping into the blogosphere

About 59 million new posts are published every month on WordPress.com blogs. Total number of
comments in one month is about 49 million.

Advantages of blogging

1.You will connect with new people One of the greatest benefits of blogging is connecting with others.
You don’t just grow some followers on social networks or email lists. You build genuine relationships.
You make friends with people you wouldn’t have met otherwise.

2. You will learn new things

You not only teach others when you blog. You learn as well. At first, you will learn more about your
niche because you need to educate yourself to teach others. You will also learn a lot about other fields,
such as online marketing, no matter what you write.

3. You will improve your writing skills

The more you do something, the better you will become at that skill. Writing is no exception. Even if you
don’t set out to study writing, your writing will improve the more you do it.

4.You could become more proficient in a new language

Speaking of learning and improving your skills, if you want to learn a second language, blogging is the
way to go. Those of you who are blogging in a nonmother tongue will become more proficient in that
language.

5.Blogging can give you freedom

Blogging gives you the right to work from any location and at any given time. Besides, you also get a
chance to do things you love doing! Spend more time with your family, do sporting activities and take
part in community development programs.

Disadvantages of blogging

1. Economy condition
Many bloggers who struggle with their full time blogging. They love blogging but they don’t have
a fix source of income. Some choose freelance writing job for earning money and few choose to
depend on their parents to fulfill the need of money.

2. No work while you are ill

We are human and every human gets ill. This is tough time for those blogger who work alone. They
don’t get time to update their blog and it ultimately results in loss of blog income and traffic. Their is no
best solution of this problem.

3. Discipline

Blogging requires discipline. Most of the bloggers don’t have a schedule while moving from day job to
full time blogging. Sometimes they work during the day and sometimes during the night. This breaks the
discipline which a blogger should have while working online.

4. You feel alone

This is a common problem, among full-time bloggers. They feel alone. They miss their earlier colleagues.
They even miss those people who create problems during work. It is a very bitter truth of blogging.

5. The techie stuff

Lack of knowledge in using technologies.