CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
• is responsible for transporting
materials throughout the entire
body. ittransport nutrients, water
and oxygen to your billions of
body cells and carries away
waste such as carbon dioxide
thst body cells produce
Three Major
Parts of
Circulatory
System
HEART
• the heart beats about 3 billion
times during an average
lifetime
• it is a muscle about the size of
your fist
• the heart is located in the
center of your chest slightly to
the left
• it’s job is to pump you blood
and keep it moving throughout
your body
The HEART consists of four
chambers in which blood flows.
Blood enters the right atrium
and passes through thr right
ventricle. The right ventricle
pumps the blood to the lungs
where it becomes oxygenated.
The oxygenated blood is brought
back to the heart by the
pulmonary veins which enter the
left atrium. From tha left atrium
blood flows into the left
ventricle. The left ventricle
pumps the blood to the aorta
which will distribute the
oxygenated blood to all parts of
te body.
BLOOD
• the blood is an amazing
substance that is constantly
flowing through our bodies
and is pumped by your heart.
• the blood carries nutrients,
water, oxygen and waste
products to and from your
body cells.
• the blood isnot just a red liquid
but rather is made up of solid
 BLOOD CELLS
• RED BLOOD CELLS
– are responsible for carrying
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
– pick up oxygen in the lungs
and transport it to the body
cells.
 BLOOD CELLS
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(Germinators)
– help the body fight off
germs.
– attack and destroy germs
when they enter the body.
 BLOOD CELLS

• PLATELETS
– are blood cells that help
stop bleeding
 BLOOD CELLS
• PLASMA
– is the liquid part of the blood
– theplasma carries the blood
cells and other components
throughout the body.
– plasma is made in the liver
 BLOOD VESSELS
• THREE TYPES OF BLOOD
VESSELS
a. ARTERIES
- are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich
blood AWAY from the heart.

AORTA - is the largest artery.

PULMONARY ARTERY- is the only artery
that carries deoxygenated blood.
 BLOOD VESSELS
• THREE TYPES OF BLOOD
VESSELS
b. CAPILLARIES
- are tiny blood vessels as thin or thinner
than the hairs on your head
- capilliaries connect arteries to veins
 BLOOD VESSELS
• THREE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
c. VEINS
- carry blood toward your heart
- carry deoxygenated blood

VEIN CAVA- is the largest vein.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA - passage way of blood from
the upper body to the right atrium.
INFERIOR VENA CAVA- passageway of blood.
PULMONARY VEIN- is the only vein that carries
oxygenated blood.
 CHANGES IN
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD
• The blood itself changes slightly with age. Normal aging
causes a reduction in total body water. As part of this,
there is less fluid in the bloodstream, so blood volume
decreases.
• The speed with which red blood cells are produced in
response to stress or illness is reduced. This creates a
slower response to blood loss and anemia.
• Most of the white blood cells stay at the same levels,
although certain white blood cells important to immunity
( neutrophils ) decrease in their number and ability to fight
off bacteria. This reduces the ability to resist infection.
HEART
• The heart has a natural pacemaker system that controls
the heartbeat. Some of the pathways of this system may
develop fibrous tissue and fat deposits. The natural
pacemaker (the SA node) loses some of its cells. These
changes may result in a slightly slower heart rate .
• A slight increase in the size of the heart, especially the left
ventricle, is not uncommon. The heart wall thickens, so
the amount of blood that the chamber can hold may
actually decrease despite the increased overall heart size.
The heart may fill more slowly.
• Heart changes cause the ECG of a normal, healthy older
person to be slightly different than the ECG of a healthy
younger adult. Abnormal rhythms ( arrhythmias ), such as
atrial fibrillation , are more common in older people. They
may be caused by heart disease.
• Normal changes in the heart include deposits of the
"aging pigment," lipofuscin . The heart muscle cells
degenerate slightly. The valves inside the heart, which
control the direction of blood flow, thicken and become
stiffer. A heart murmur caused by valve stiffness is fairly
common in older people.
BLOOD VESSELS
• Receptors called baroreceptors monitor the blood
pressure and make changes to help maintain a fairly
constant blood pressure when a person changes
positions or is doing other activities. The baroreceptors
become less sensitive with aging. This may explain why
many older people have orthostatic hypotension, a
condition in which the blood pressure falls when a person
goes from lying or sitting to standing. This causes
dizziness because there is less blood flow to the brain.
• The capillary walls thicken slightly. This may cause a
slightly slower rate of exchange of nutrients and wastes.
• The main artery from the heart (aorta) becomes thicker,
stiffer, and less flexible. This is probably related to
changes in the connective tissue of the blood vessel wall.
This makes the blood pressure higher and makes the
heart work harder, which may lead to thickening of the
heart muscle (hypertrophy). The other arteries also
thicken and stiffen. In general, most older people have a
moderate increase in blood pressure.
 COMMON ELDERLY
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
DISEASES
CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE (CAD)
• also called coronary heart disease
• most common typeof heart disease
• is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the
coronary arteries. These arteries supply your heart
muscle with oxygen-rich blood.
PLAQUE
• is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substance
found in the blood. when plaque builds up in the arteries the
condition called artherosclerosis.
• as the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the
heart can slow or stop, causing chest pain (stable
angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, or other
symptoms.
• Can cause angina pectoris, heart attack (myocardial
infraction, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure.
Angina Pectoris
• is chest pain or discomport
that occurs when not
enough oxygen-rich blood
is flowing to an areaof your
heart muscle.
CAREGIVER’S RESPONSIBILITY
Let patient rest
Do not give too
strenuous activity.
Mycordial Infraction (Heart Attack)
• occurs when blood flow to
an areaof your heart
muscle is completely
blocked.
• this prevents oxygen-rich
blood from reaching that
area of heart muscle and
cause it to die.
• HEART ATTACK
– is a condition in which your
heart can’t pump enough
blood throughoutyour body.
• ARRHYTHMIAS
– are problems with the
speed or rhythm of your
heartbeat.
CAREGIVER’S RESPONSIBILITY
Provide diet that is low in
fat, salt
Give prescribed
medication
Encourage him to lose
weight if he is obese, to
quit smoking, if he
smokes.
Avoid exposure to second
hand smoke.
Hypertension
• also known as high blood pressure; silent killer
because there’s no signs no warning.
Aneurysm
• is an abnormal bulge or
“ballooning” in the wall of
an artery. Arteries are
blood vessels that carry
oxygen-richblood from the
heart other parts of the
body.
Types of Aneurysm
• AORTIC ANEURYSM
– most aneurysm occur in
aorta.
– the aorta is the main artery
that carries blood from the
heart to the rest of the body.
– the aorta comesout from the
left ventricle the heart and
travels through the chest
and abdomen.
• Symptoms of Abdominal
Aortic Aneurysm
– sudden, severe pain in your
lower abdomen and back
nausea and vomiting
– clammy, sweaty skin
– light-headedness
– rapid heart rate when
standing up.
• Symptoms of Thoracic
Aortic Aneurysm
– pain in your jaw, neck,
upper back (or other part of
your back), or chest
– coughing, horseness, or
trouble breathing.
Types of Aneurysm
• CEREBRAL ANEURYSM
– aneurysm that occur in
artery in the brain are called
cerebral aneurysm.
– they are sometimes called
berry aneurysm because
they are often the size of a
small berry.
– most cerebral aneurysm
produce no symptoms until
they become large, begin to
leak, or rupture
• Symptoms of Cerebral Aneurysm
– a droopy eyelid
– double vision or other changes in vision
– pain above or behind the eye
– a dilated pupil
– numbness or weakness on one side of the
face or body.
Types of Aneurysm
• PERIPHERAL ANEURYSM
– aneurysm that occur in
arteries other than the aorta
(not in the brain).
– are not as likely to rupture as
aortic aneurysm, but blood
clots can forn in peripheral
aneurysm, it can block blood
flow through the artery.
Common Location of Peripheral Aneurysm.

• Popliteal artery
– artery that runs down
the back of the thigh
behing the knee
• Femoral artery
– artery in the groin
• Carotid artery
– main artery in the neck
• Symptoms of Peripheral
Aneurysm
– a pulsating lump that can be
felt in your neck, arm or leg
– leg or arm pain, or cramping
with exercise
– painful sores on toes or
fingers
– Gangrene ( tissue death)
from severely blocked blood
fol in your limbs.
TREATMENT
Ultrasound screening for abdominal
aortic aneurysm is recommended for
men who have ever smoked and are
between the ages of 65 and 75.

Medicines and surgery are two main

treatments for aneurysm. Medicines
maybe prescribed before surgery or
insteadof surgery.
TREATMENT

 To prevent an aneurysm and keep

blood vessels healthy;
 quit smoking
 eat a low-fat
 low-cholesterol diet
 get regular physical activity
 control highblood pressure and high
cholesterol.
Thank You for
Listening!