Introduction to

chemistry
Chapter 1
 What will you learn ?
Topics in Chapter 1:

1.1 Development in Chemistry and Its Importance in Daily Life

1.2 Scientific Investigation in Chemistry

1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials

1.1 Development in Chemistry and Its
Importance in Daily Life
 e o , w ha t d o you
id
Based on the v he m i s try ?
a b ou t c
understand

What is
Fireworks look attractive especially at night.
Wow, the fireworks look beautiful! The attractive colours are caused by the
Chemistry ?
How does it produce so many mixture of chemicals in the fireworks.
attractive colours?
 Meaning of Chemistry

● Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the compositions （组成）

structure （ 结 构 ） , behavior （ 行 为 ） , and interaction （ 相 互 作
用） between matter.
 CHEMISTRY LIES NEAR THE HEART OF MANY
MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN

● The pharmaceutical chemical ( 药物化学） \

● Conservation of natural resources ( 自然资源保护）
● Protection of the environment
● Provision of our everyday needs for food, clothing
and shelter.
• Preservativ • Antibiotic
e( 防腐剂 ) ( 抗生素 )
• Colouring • Antiseptic
• Flavouring Food Medicine ( 杀菌剂 )
• Antioxidant • Vitamin
( 抗氧剂 ) • Chemotherapy
• Stabiliser ( 化疗 )
( 稳定剂 ) • Analgesic
( 镇痛剂 )
CHEMICALS
IN DAILY
• Paint
• Herbicide LIFE • Polymer
( 除草剂 )
( 聚合物 )
• Pesticide
• Glass
( 杀虫剂 )
• Ceramic
• Fungicide
Agriculture Industry ( 陶瓷 )
( 杀真菌
• Detergent
剂)
( 洗涤剂 )
• Fertiliser
• Colouring
( 肥料 )
• Alloy
• Hormone
( 合金 )
( 激素 )
 The development in chemistry field and the contribution
of chemical technology

Researches in various chemical

fields are constantly being carried
out covering various disciplines.

For example, biochemistry( 生 物 化

学 ） , botany （ 植 物 学 ） and
forensics （法医学） which require
chemical knowledge to solve
problems.
 Chemistry :
The Basis for mastering nanochemistry

• An area of applied science ( 应 用 科 学 )

that focuses on design, synthesis,
characterisation.

• It deals with particles in nanoscale (as

small as 10-9 m)
***1 nanometer=0.000001millimeter

• Interconnect nanotechnology,
biotechnology, chemistry, biology, physics
and mathematics into one single field.

• Widely used in the food industry: food

processing and packaging.
 nanotechnology Food
food safety preservation

• Detection of foodborne • Antimicrobial agent ( 抗菌剂 )

pathogen( 食物源病原体 ) • Nano encapsulation ( 纳米封装 )
• Against heavy metal reduction • Enhancement in physical
• Against allergens Food packaging properties.
• Against pesticides/additives( 添 & • Protection against chemical
加剂 )/drugs security deteriorates ( 变质 )
• Inhibition of biofilm formation( 生
物膜形成 )
 Chemical technology
Petroleum and Chemical
natural gas substances electronics

Petrochemicalpr
oducts: PVC
 Careers related to chemistry

Examples of careers:

● Biotechnology researcher
( 生物科技研究员）

● Biomedical engineer ( 生物医

药工程师 )

Biotechnology
 Careers related to chemistry

Examples of careers:

● Doctor ( 医生 )

● Pharmacist ( 药剂师 )

Pharmaceutical
 Careers related to chemistry

Examples of careers:

● Nanotechnology engineer
( 纳米技术工程师 )

● Food scientist ( 食品科学家 )

Nanotechnology
 Careers related to chemistry

Examples of careers:

● Green technology
chemist ( 绿色科技化学家 )

● Engineer ( 工程师 )

Green technology
 Careers related to chemistry

Examples of careers:

● Cosmetic chemist ( 妆品化学

家)

● Cosmetic consultant ( 妆品
顾问 )

Cosmetics
1.2 Scientific Investigation in Chemistry
As You grew, you asked questions about the world in
which you live/
• Scientific method is a systematic method used by
scientist or researchres to solve problems related to
science.

• The method involves several general steps.

Scientific Method
 Scientific method 科学方法
Using senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste or smell to
Making gather information about an object or a phenomenon taking
01 observations place.

Making an Using data collection and past experience to make a

02 inference conclusion and explanation about an event.

Identifying the Asking questions based on the inference made.

03 problem

Making a general statement about the relationship

Making a between a manipulated variable and a responding variable
04 hypothesis to explain an event or observation. This statement can be
tested to prove its validity.
 Scientific method
Identifying the manipulated variables, responding variable and
Identifying the
05 variables
fixed variable(s) in an experiment to test the hypothesis that is
formed.
In an investigation, a variable is manipulated to observe its
Controlling the relationship with the responding variable. Simultaneously, other
06 variables variables are fixed.
Determining the materials and apparatus to be used, procedure of
Planning an
07 experiment
the experiment, method of collecting data and the ways to analyse
and interpret the data.

Making observations or measurements and recording the data

08 Collecting data
systematically.
 Scientific method

Organising and interpreting the data collected. Data can be

Interpreting data interpreted through calculations, graphs or charts to find and
09 determine the relationship between the variables.

Making a
Making a statement on the results of the experiment on whether
10 conclusion
the hypothesis made is accepted or rejected.

Communicating in detail on all aspects of the experiment so

Preparing a
11 report
that the outcome of the experiment can be shared for the
development of chemistry knowledge.
So , how should we solve the following problem using
scientific methods ?
 wa y!
hi s’s the
T
1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of
Apparatus and Materials
Personal protective equipment

Safety Goggles
护目镜
Used for preventing dust or splashes
( 飞 溅 ） of chemicals from getting
into the eyes.
 Personal protective equipment

Face Mask 口罩
Used for protecting the respiratory
organs from chemicals in the form of
powder or fumes.
Personal protective equipment

Gloves 手套
Used for handling chemicals to
protect hands from injuries,
chemicals or infections.
 Personal protective equipment

Laboratory coat
实验室袍
Used as protection for the body and
clothing against chemical spills such as
acids, alkalis and organic solvents.

This’s how chemist’s lab coat looks

like in real life XD
Personal protective equipment

Laboratory shoes
实验室鞋
Used for protecting the feet from
injuries caused by chemical spills,
sharp objects or toxic substances.
Safety equipment in the laboratory and their
functions

Fume chamber 通风柜

A specially designed
equipment to carry
out experiments that
release toxic vapours,
cause combustions or
produce pungent （ 刺
鼻） smells.
Safety equipment in the laboratory and their
functions
Safety shower
身体紧急淋浴

Is used to wash and

clean the body when a
chemical accident
occurs on parts of the
body. This equipment is
also used to extinguish
fire on clothings.
Safety equipment in the laboratory and their
functions

Eyewash
眼睛紧急淋浴

Used for washing and

cleaning the eye when
accidents occur on
parts of the eye.
Safety equipment in the laboratory and their
functions

Fire extinguisher
灭火器

Used for extinguishing

fire in the laboratory.
Safety equipment in the laboratory and their
functions

Hand wash 清洁液

Used for removing

chemical substances,
oil, dirt and
microoorganisms from
the hands.
 STORAGE OF
CHEMICALS
Chemicals should be stored in their designated places
according to their categories.
 Storage of chemicals

Reactive materials
（活泼的材料）

Highly reactive metals （活

泼金属） : potassium
（钾），
sodium （钠 ） and
lithium （锂） need to be
stored in paraffin oil （石
蜡油）

These metals react

strongly with water
vapour in air.
 Storage of chemicals

Hydrocarbons （碳氧化合物） and

organic solvents （有机溶剂）

Volatile （易挥发） and

inflammable （易燃）
liquids like hydrocarbons
and organic solvents
should be stored in shady
areas far from sunlight
and heat source.
 Storage of chemicals

EASILY DECOMPOSED
MATERIALS 易分解的材料

Chemical that are

easily decomposed by
sunlight ： silver
chloride （氯化
银） should be stored
in dark bottles
 Storage of chemicals

CORROSIVE MATERIALS 腐
蚀性的材料

Corrosive chemicals
(concentrated acids and
alkalis 强酸与强碱 )
should be kept in
special storage
cabinets and locked.
 Storage of chemicals

Heavy metals （重金属） and

toxic materials （有毒的材料）

Heavy metals and

toxic materials:
mercury （水
银） and lead ( 铅）
must be stored in
special cabinets
and locked.
 DISPOSAL OF
CHEMICALS
Disposal of chemical without following the correct
disposal procedure causes environmental pollution,
destroys the habitats （栖息地） of flora( 植物） and
fauna （动物） and endangers human healh.
 Disposal of chemicals

• Broken glass and rubber have to

be disposed into special
container.

Solid waste 固体废料

 Disposal of chemicals

Organic
wastes

• Toxic materials such as organic

solvents and hydrocarbons should be
stored in special containers made of
glass or plastic.

Organic solvents and

hydrocarbons
 Disposal of chemicals

• Hydrogen peroxide in high concentration

must be first diluted with water and dissolved
in sodium sulphite before it is poured into the
basin.

Hydrogen peroxide
( H2O2 ) 过氧化氢
 Disposal of chemicals

Acid and
alkali
wastes
• Strong acid and alkaline residues
should be kept in neatly sealed
containers and labelled before
disposal.

strong acid and alkaline residue

（残留物）
 Disposal of chemicals

Heavy
metal
wastes • Heavy and toxic metal residues are placed in
plastic bags and allowed to evaporate in a
fume chamber before placed in a special
barrel （ 桶 ） which is labelled before
disposal.

Heavy metals and

toxic MATERIAL
 Disposal of chemicals

• The residues from volatile materials such

alcohol ( 酒 精 ） , ammonia （ 氨 水 ） and
bromine ( 溴 水 ） should be kept in sealed
containers and kept away from heat and light
sources.

Volatile mATERIALS
Emergency
Management
紧急管理
When waste spills occur …

1. Inform your teacher or the laboratory assistant about the accident immediately.

2. Prohibit other students from entering the accident site.

3. Stop the spill from spreading to other areas by using sand to border it.

4. Clean the chemical spill.

5. Dispose of the chemical spill by following the correct procedures .

 Mercury spill

Mercury spill can occur in the laboratory when some laboratory tools
such as thermometer （ 温 度 计 ） , barometer （ 气 压 表 ） and
thermorstat （恒温器） containing mercury in them are broken.
Mercury poisoning 水银中毒
Mercury is volatile at room temperature. Mercury vapour poisons the air.

Do not touch mercury spill because it can absorb into your body through the skin.

Symptoms of mercury poisoning:

● Nausea 恶心
● Coughing
● Vomiting
● Diarrhoea
● Chest pain
● Sore throat
● Difficulty in breathing
● Headache
● Eye irritation
● Vision problem
● Increase in blood pressure
When Mercury spill occur …

1. Inform your teacher or the laboratory assistant about the accident.

2. Make the spill site as the prohibited area.

3. Sprinkle （撒） sulphur powder to cover up the spill.

4. Contact the Fire and Rescue Department for further action .

If you are exposed to mercury poisoning, you should:

• Stay away from the mercury source to prevent further exposure to it.

• Go to the hospital for treatment

THANKS!
Do you have any
questions?

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