Understanding Maps

Grade 6
Week 1 (Day 1)-
● KWL Chart on Maps
● Definitions and Examples
- Landmark
- Geography
- Physical geography
- Sources
- Map scale
- symbol
- Legend
What are Maps? Why are they
even important?
What are Maps?
● A feature to tell the location of different places
● How to navigate from one place to another
● A piece of paper telling us about various places
● 2D models of different places
● Locate different places
● Tells the exact location and the neighbouring places, landmarks
● A country map, a world map
What is the purpose of a map ?
● To locate places
● To navigate
● To see how countries look like
● To know about a place, by looking at the neighbouring area and the facilities
● To know about different routes
● To discover a place and mark it out on a map
● Soldiers need them - having a border or a boundary, helps in planning
● For travelling
● To know the distance between the two places
 Let’s look at some of the
world’s most interesting maps!
Most Popular Sports in the
World
Political World Map as
Pangea 200-300 Million
Years Ago
Most Used Web Browser
World Map (2012)
Countries With McDonald’s
The Happiness Index
Things you
know about
Maps
 Things you
want to know
about Maps
 Words
to Know
Understanding Maps
 Definitions and Examples
On the next slides, you will see definitions for words to know and
also examples of those words used in sentences.
Definition Example

A definition is what a word An example shows how a

means. word is used in actual
sentences. These examples
help you understand a word’s
meaning even better than just
reading the definition!
 Mapping Your City: Words to Know

Words to Know!
Vocabulary Didi’s Definition My Definition Give an example of the
word or use it in a
meaningful sentence.
 Word List

Landmark Map scale

Geography symbol
Physical geography Legend
Sources
 Landmark T2

Definition Example

The landmark building

Landmark:
helped me know when I
something that
had to turn right.
is easy to
recognize and Example
helps you
know where Noida Stadium is a
you are landmark that helps
people know they are in
sector - 22.
 Geography T3

Definition Example

Each month, we study

Geography:
geography from a different
the study of
part of the country.
the countries,
oceans, rivers, Example
mountains, and
The prominent features of
cities of the
the geography of Delhi
world
are the Yamuna flood
plains and the Delhi
ridge.
 Physical Geography T3

Definition Example
Himachal Pradesh has a
Physical very interesting physical
Geography: geography of mountains
the study of and rivers
the Earth’s
Example
surface and of
its rivers, The physical
mountains geography of Noida
and Delhi is quite
varied.
 Source T2

Definition Example

The source of this

Source: a
information is a national
thing, place, or
news channel.
activity that
you get Example
something
from
The source of
Yamuna lies in the
Yamunotri Glacier.
 Map Scale T3

Definition Example The map scale made

it easy for me to
Map Scale: the measure the actual
relationship
distance.
between the size
of a map and the
actual size of the Example
place that it
represents
The map scale is
usually found in the
corner of the map.
 Legend T3

Definition Example
With the help of legend, I
Legend: the was able to understand the
words that meaning of different
explain a pictures/icons used in the
picture on a map.
map
Example

The legend was on the

side of the map.
 Symbol T2

Definition Example

The symbols on the map

Symbol: a
gave me a lot of good
picture or
information.
shape that
represents Example
something else
The symbol of a star
marks the location of a
state capital.
Homework - Read the given map and answer the
questions accordingly.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AQsuWxs1FddD89yYK3DWu-aesoInXlu8NUSbW0adWpE/edit
Week 1 (Day 2)-
● Discussing the responses of the homework given
● Directions -

- Relative (relative to the position of a person)

- Cardinal (Relative to the position of the sun)

- (Cardinal and Intermediate)

 Discussing the responses -
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AQsuWxs1FddD89yYK3DWu-aesoInXlu8NUSbW0adWpE/edit
 Directions

Imagine traveling several miles in one of the directions indicated by this sign.
Now suppose that a friend travels the same distance in another direction
indicated by the sign. You and your friend would end up in very different
locations. Obviously, direction is an important component of motion.
Relative Directions -
Direction can be described
in relative terms, such as -

● Up
● Down
● In
● Out
● Left
● Right
● Forward
● Backward
● Sideways
 Choose a landmark in your neighbourhood and
define the route from your house to that landmark
using relative directions!
Cardinal Directions -
Direction can also be described with
the cardinal and intermediate
directions: On maps, these are
indicated with a compass rose.

● Cardinal - North, South, East,

West
● Intermediate - Southeast,
Northwest, Northeast, Southwest
Homework - Read the given map and answer the
questions accordingly.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JQHnGkvlvuj4JTEOktz08n7WkYsJ62a2pfW9t19s0l8/edit
Week 2 (1st Sept to
3rd Sept)
Tuesday
Week 2 (Day 1)-
● Discussing the responses of the homework given
● Components of a Map -

- Title

- Source

- Legend

- Scale

- Grid Lines
The Map Of Noida
● Do you think this map is useful? Why? Why not?
● What are some of the components of this map? Let’s discuss those!
Components of a Map
1. Title

The title of a map often tells you where

and what the map is trying to show you.
For example, this map is called “Master
Plan of Noida - 2021”.

The title gives us a lot of information, by

telling the purpose of the map and what it
is meant to show.
2. Source

Many maps will have their source, or author.

This map was made by a Real Estate
Company called CRES for the Department of
the Interior (part of the government). The
source can help us understand why this map
was made.

This map was made to understand the

current geography of Noida and how further
development can be planned.
3. Legend

Maps can have a lot of information that can be

shown in different ways from map to map.
Legends help us read maps by explaining any
symbols or special formatting the mapmaker
used; in some maps, for instance, mapmakers
use squares to represent cities and stars to
represent capitals. Other maps might use a
special font to write the names of countries,
states, and counties.

In this map, different colors have been used to

understand the different zones/ areas of
development.
4. Scale

Maps can show the same things very

close and very far away. The scale
shows us exactly how big the map is:
for instance, if you hold your fingers to
either end of this scale and then hold
your fingers over this map, the distance
between your fingers might represent 7-
10 miles.
5.. Grid Lines

Grid lines help people find out exactly where

something is on a map. In some cases, the
grid lines are specific only to that area; maps
at amusement parks often are divided into
grids to help people find rides. Most maps,
however, use the same grid: latitude and
longitude. Lines of latitude run from east and
west and are measured from the Equator.
Lines of longitude run from the north pole to
the south pole and are measured from the
Prime Meridian, which runs through England.
 Homework - The Metro Map
http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Zoom_Map.aspx

Identify the above discussed components in the given map

Day 2 (Wednesday)
Week 2 (Day 2)-
● Discussing the responses of the homework given
● How to measure distance -

- Straight Line

- Curved Line
 Homework - The Metro Map
http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Zoom_Map.aspx

Identify the above discussed components in the given map

Measuring Distance
Being able to measure the distance between two points on a map is very important. It
allows you to work out what distance is in real life and will give you a good idea of how
long your journey will take. Every Ordnance Survey map is printed with a scale bar that
converts the distance you measure on a map (usually in centimetres or inches) into a real
life distance (usually in kilometres or miles)

Let’s try to virtually measure distance!

https://www.freemaptools.com/measure-distance.htm
Straight Line
A quick way to measure distance is to count each square you cross on the map. On your
Ordnance survey map each grid square measures one kilometre from side to side and from
top to bottom. If you go diagonally across a square, the distance will be a bit longer –
about 1.5 km. Measuring in straight lines is sometimes called as the crow flies and can be
useful over longer distances, for example, to find out how far one town or city is from
another.
Curved Line
It's usually not possible to travel in a straight line between two points on a map. If you're following a road or footpath,
it can change direction many times to avoid things like woods and rivers. However, there are still simple ways of
measuring the actual distance you will need to travel between two points. One of them is to use a piece of string. Take
a length of string – it's best to take one longer than you think you'll need – and place one end on your starting point.
Now carefully lay the string along to road or path you know you're going to use, following the curves as closely as
you can. When you reach your finishing point, mark it on you string with a pen. Now that you have your distance from
the map, you can straighten out your string and place it against the scale bar to find out how far you will actually be
travelling.
 Week 3
Day 1 (Tuesday)
Week 3 (Day 1)-
● Discussing the responses of the homework given
a) The Metro Map
b) Measuring Distance

● Grid Reference -
a) Definition
b) Example
The Metro Map - Responses
Measuring Distance -
Responses
 Grid Reference -
● Grid lines on maps define the coordinate system, and are numbered to provide a unique reference to
features.
● Grid systems vary, but the most common is a square grid with grid lines numbered sequentially from
the origin at the bottom left of the map.
● The grid numbers on the east-west axis are called Eastings, and the grid numbers on the north-south
axis are called Northings.
● Eastings are written before Northings.
● A grid reference locates a unique square region on the map. The precision of location varies, for
example a simple town plan may use a simple grid system with single letters for Eastings and single
numbers for Northings. A grid reference in this system, such as 'H3', locates a particular square rather
than a single point.
● Points can be located by grid references on maps that use a standard system for Eastings and
Northings, such as the Ordnance Survey National Grid used by the Ordnance Survey, and located by
someone else using grid references, even if using maps of a different scale.
4 figure grid reference -
The numbered squares on the diagram above have the following
four-figure grid references:

1 = 18 45
2 = 19 45
3 = 18 44
4 = 19 44
6 figure grid reference -
The shapes on the diagram above have the following six-figure grid references:

Grey square – 187 448

Red dot – 185 443

Homework - Treasure
Worksheet
https://drive.google.com/drive/u/1/folders/1T9TF9kUmpMGjoOVmj9k-iAfrRlWKaADa
 Week 3
Day 2 (Wednesday)
Week 3 (Day 2)-
● Discussing the responses of the homework given
a) The Treasure Map

● Grid Reference -
a) Worksheet
b) Calculate the area
c) How to write down the coordinates
The Treasure Map - Responses
Calculating Distance
https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/guides/beginners-guide-to-grid-references/
In the diagram below, the number 4 is in square 28 across (on the horizontal) and square
54 up (on the vertical) and therefore, the four-figure grid reference is ‘2854’.
The other numbers in the squares above would get the following grid
reference.

1. 2755
2. 2855
3. 2754
4. 2854

In order to be a little more precise with your grid references, you can give a 6
figure grid reference as shown on the next slide.
In the below diagram, we have taken the lower right square from the previous diagram and divided it
by 10 in each direction. The pink circle is in the four-figure grid reference square ‘2552, but more
accurately it is 2 tenths across and 7 tenths up within that enlarged grid square, therefore the six-figure
map reference is ‘252527’. The red circle has a 6 figure grid reference of 257522.
 Practice Worksheet -
https://12ee0b5a-abb3-9812-7a54-6dc8dc507f17.filesusr.com/ugd/5cd6ef_3e8aff48ab8c4bc4bc30bec2a9ad98dc.pdf
 Homework -
Making your own Grid Reference Worksheet
 Week 3
Day 3 (Thursday)
 Grid Reference
Worksheet
Luminosity Group
Week 3 (Sept)
Latitude and Longitude: Your Global Address
Every location on earth has a global address. Because the address is in numbers,
people can communicate about location no matter what language they might
speak. A global address is given as two numbers called coordinates. The two
numbers are a location's latitude number and its longitude number ("Lat/Long").
Latitude
Horizontal mapping lines on Earth are lines of latitude. They are known
as "parallels" of latitude, because they run parallel to the equator. One
simple way to visualize this might be to think about having imaginary
horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth, with the biggest hoop around
the equator, and then progressively smaller ones stacked above and
below it to reach the North and South Poles.

(Can you think of other ways to visualize the parallels of Latitude?)

Think about having
imaginary horizontal
"hula hoops" around the
earth, with the biggest
hoop around the equator,
and then progressively
smaller ones stacked
above and below it to
reach the North and
South Poles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPMZIJ-_a6w
Latitude lines are a numerical way to measure how far north or south of the equator a place is
located. The equator is the starting point for measuring latitude--that's why it's marked as 0
degrees latitude. The number of latitude degrees will be larger the further away from the equator
the place is located, all the way up to 90 degrees latitude at the poles. Latitude locations are given
as __ degrees North or __ degrees South.
Longitude
Vertical mapping lines on Earth are lines of longitude, known as "meridians".
One simple way to visualize this might be to think about having hula hoops cut
in half, vertically positioned with one end at the North Pole and the other at
the South Pole.

(Can you think of other ways to visualize the verticals of Longitude?)

Visualize hula
hoops cut in half,
vertically positioned
with one end at the
North Pole and the
other at the South
Pole.
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=NGwaO_j1sLI
Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of a
universal vertical line called the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically,
north and south, right over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the
North Pole to the South Pole. As the vertical starting point for longitude, the Prime Meridian
is numbered 0 degrees longitude.
Week 4
Fun Facts about the Equator -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbmFIVVid4w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0w3DmBb_ubs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMuU0XBVNmY
 Marking Latitudes and
Longitudes
https://mapmaker.nationalgeographic.org/hg97SX770OWCRLi8TLevd8/
MCQ
1. What ocean does the Prime Meridian cross the equator?
a. Atlantic b. Pacific c. Indian d. Artic

2. What two continents does the equator cross?

a. North America and South America c. Africa and Europe
b. Africa and South America d. Australia
MCQ
3. Which one of these continents lies completely in the
Southern Hemisphere?
a. North America c. South America
b. Asia d. Australia

4. What ocean lies completely in the Eastern Hemisphere?

a. Atlantic b. Indian c. Pacific d. Artic
MCQ
5. What continent lies completely north of the equator and
east of the Prime Meridian?
a. Europe b. Asia c. Africa d. North America

6. On what continent would you find the place with a latitude

of 20° N and a longitude of 0°?
a. Europe b. Asia c. Africa d. South America
MCQ
7. On what continent would you find each of the following
locations?

1. 60°N, 100°W __________________________________

2. 60°N, 100°E __________________________________

3. 20°S, 60°W __________________________________

4. 20°N, 20°E _________________________________

 How does a GPS work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCcARVbL_Dk
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/gps/en/#:~:text=GPS%20is%20a%20system%20of%2030%2B%20navigation%20satellites%20circling%20Earth.&te
xt=A%20GPS%20receiver%20in%20your,is%20surrounded%20by%20navigation%20satellites
.
Week 2 (12th Oct to 16th Oct)
Tuesday
Q) Is there the same time all over the
world? If not, how is time decided for
different locations on the Earth?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j-SWKtWEcU
Why do you think time differs
from one place to another?
 Time Zones
Everyone on the planet wants the sun to be at its highest point in the sky (crossing the meridian)
at noon. If there were just one time zone, this would be impossible because the Earth rotates 15
degrees every hour. The idea behind multiple time zones is to divide the world into 24 15-degree
slices and set the clocks accordingly in each zone. All of the people in a given zone set their
clocks the same way, and each zone is one hour different from the next.
The Time Zone Map -
The time difference between each longitude (each degree) is 4 minutes. So if it 12 noon at Greenwich (0
degree), it would be 12:04pm at 1 degree Meridian and so on. In India, the standard meridian is 82 and a half
degree. So the time difference between Greenwich and India is 82.5x4 =330 minutes (5 hours 30 minutes).
How Time Works?
All time zones are measured from a starting point centered at England's Greenwich Observatory.
This point is known as the Greenwich Meridian or the Prime Meridian. Time at the Greenwich
Meridian is known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time. The Eastern time zone in
the United States is designated as GMT minus five hours. When it is noon in the Eastern time
zone, it is 5 p.m. at the Greenwich Observatory. The International Date Line (IDL) is located on the
opposite side of the planet from the Greenwich Observatory.

https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/geography/international-date-line/
Week 4 (20th and 21st Oct)
Tuesday
Climatic Zones
Climate zones are areas with distinct climates, which occur in east-west direction around
the Earth, and can be classified using different climatic parameters. Generally, climate zones
are belt-shaped and circular around the Poles (see picture on the right). In some areas,
climate zones can be interrupted by mountains or oceans.

The solar radiation reaches the ground on different parts of the Earth with different angles.
On the equator, the sunlight reaches the ground almost perpendicularly, whilst at the poles
the angle of the Sun is lower or even under the horizon during the polar night.
 Tropical
Tropical zone from 0°–23.5°(between the tropics)
In the regions between the equator and the tropics (equatorial region), the solar radiation
reaches the ground nearly vertically at noontime during almost the entire year. Thereby, it is
very warm in these regions. Through high temperatures, more water evaporates and the air is
often moist. The resulting frequent and dense cloud cover reduces the effect of solar radiation
on ground temperature.
 Subtropics
Subtropics from 23.5°–40°
The subtropics receive the highest radiation in summer, since the Sun's angle at noon is
almost vertical to the Earth, whilst the cloud cover is relatively thin. These regions receive
less moisture (see trade winds), what increases the effect of radiation. Therefore, most of the
deserts in the world are situated in this zone. In winter, the radiation in these regions
decreases significantly, and it can temporarily be very cool and moist.
 Temperate
Temperate zone from 40°–60°
In the temperate zone, the solar radiation arrives with a smaller angle, and the average
temperatures here are much cooler than in the subtropics. The seasons and day length differ
significantly in the course of a year. The climate is characterised by less frequent extremes, a
more regular distribution of the precipitation over the year and a longer vegetation period -
therefore the name "temperate"
Cold
Cold zone from 60°–90°
The polar areas between 60° latitude and the poles receive less heat through solar radiation,
since the Sun has a very flat angle toward the ground. Because of the changes of the Earth
axis angle to the Sun, the day length varies most in this zone. In the summer, polar days
occur. Vegetation is only possible during a few months per year and even then is often
sparse. The conditions for life in these regions are very hard.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-geophysical/chapter/climate-zones-and-bio
mes/
Wednesday
Discussing the following terms using the globe
models -
● Axis - An axis is an invisible line around which an object rotates, or spins.
The points where an axis intersects with an object's surface are the object's
North and South Poles. In this illustration, Earth's axis is represented by the
red line. The white circle represents axial precession, the slow "wobble" of the
axis.
Discussing the following terms using the globe
models -
● Rotation - The earth rotates about an imaginary line that passes through
the North and South Poles of the planet. This line is called the axis of
rotation. Earth rotates about this axis once each day (approximately 24
hours).

https://www.livescience.com/63408-why-does-earth-rotate.html
Discussing the following terms using the globe
models -
● Revolution - Revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation. However,
in many fields like astronomy and its related subjects, revolution is referred
to as an orbital revolution. It is used when one body moves around another,
while rotation is used to mean the movement around the axis. For example,
the Moon revolves around the Earth and the Earth revolves around the
Sun.

https://www.livescience.com/63408-why-does-earth-rotate.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64YwNl1wr0
Tuesday (27th Oct)
Types of Maps -
● Political
● Physical
● Road, Street and Highway
● Topographic
● Time zone
● Geologic
● Digital
● Historic
● Cadastral
● https://geology.com/maps/types-of-maps/
Cadastral Map
● Cadastral maps are much more detailed. The plans map out individual
properties providing details, such as, boundary information when houses or
land are surveyed, and could be combined to build bigger cadastral maps.
● Cadastral mapping was among the earliest types of mapping where the
ancient Egyptians created cadastral records to establish ownership of land
just after flooding from the Nile River.
● “Cadastral” comes from the word cadastre, meaning a public record, survey,
or map of the value, degree, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation.
Political Map
● They show the geographic boundaries between governmental units such as
countries, states, and counties. They show roads, cities and major water
features such as oceans, rivers and lakes.
● Political maps will not indicate any topographic features. It instead focuses
just on the national and state borders of a region. They will also add the
location of key cities, plus they usually include significant bodies of water,
according to the details in the map.
● They are also known as "reference maps" because people refer to them again
and again as they have questions.
Physical Map
● Physical maps are designed to show the natural landscape features of Earth.
They are best known for showing topography, either by colors or as shaded
relief. Physical maps often have a green to brown to gray color scheme for
showing the elevation of the land. Darker greens are used for near-sea-level
elevations, with the color grading into tans and browns as elevations
increase. The color gradient often terminates in shades of gray for the
highest elevations.
● Physical maps usually show the most important political boundaries, such as
state and country boundaries. Major cities and major roads are often shown.
Topographical Map
● A topographic map is a lot like a physical map because it indicates different physical
landscape features. These maps are different on the other hand because they use
contour lines rather than colors showing changes in the land.
● Contour lines on topographic maps are usually spaced at regular intervals showing
elevation changes and the closer the lines are together, the steeper the terrain.
● These maps can be used for a variety of reasons, from camping, hunting, fishing, and
hiking to urban planning, resource managing, and surveying.
● The nice thing about relief or topographical maps is that they show the true lay of the
land, so to speak. That includes streams, valleys, rivers, mountains, hills, and more.
They also display important landmarks and roads.
Road, Street and Highway Map

● A road map or route map is a form of navigational map that primarily

displays roads and transport links instead of natural geographical
information.
● A road map is one of the more popular types of maps. These maps show
minor and major highways and roads (based on detail) along with things like
airports, city locations, and interesting attractions, such as, parks,
campgrounds, and monuments.
● Major highways with a road map are usually red and bigger than other roads,
while minor roads can be a lighter color and a smaller line.
Time Zone Map

● Time zones are regions of the world where people set their clocks to display
the same time of day. This synchronization of time has many commercial,
navigational, and social benefits.
● By international agreement there are 24 time zones around the world. These
24 zones are shown in the accompanying time zone map.
● Time zone maps are reference maps that people use to determine the time in
different parts of the world.
Geologic Map
● Geologic maps show the types of rocks and sediments present immediately
below the surface of a geographic area. Sediment cover is shown in shades
of yellow, and rock units are shown in a variety of colors, often based upon
their lithology. Rock unit contacts, faults, folds, and strike and dip
measurements are plotted in black.
● Geologic maps are important data sources for many types of work. Certain
types of rock are used for construction materials, and a geologic map shows
where they are located at the surface. Other types of rock might contain
valuable minerals, and a geologic map can be used as a preliminary tool for
deciding where to drill or prospect.
Historical Maps
● Historical maps are a great resource to help learn about a place at a particular point in
time. They can be used to locate exactly where someone's ancestors lived and to learn
quite a bit about the neighborhood or surrounding area. Using maps in conjunction with
other sources such as census records, city, telephone and business directories, tax lists, and
land records can help to see the information in a different light. It might even help to
locate some of those "missing people."
● Historical maps can show what an area was like in the past. Was it woods, rock
outcroppings, prairie, meadow, swamp, farmland, or all of them? Farmers on the edge of
civilization have always been selling land to or becoming land developers. Some of them
helped to organize a new town or city. Many of the streets and the original subdivisions
were often named after the founders, the landowners, or the early settlers. Look at the old
maps to see where they lived.
 Architectural Maps
● In the field of architecture an architectural plan is a design and planning for a building, and can
contain architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the
building process, and other documentation.

The term "architectural plan" can have multiple related meanings:

● plan for an architectural project
● documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the architectural elements of a building
project including sketches, drawings and details. This effort could also include both the
design of new buildings and other structures, as well as the planning for reconstruction of
early historic structures.
● architectural design
● floor plan
● scale drawing of a structure
Wednesday (28th Oct)
Solar Eclipse
● A solar eclipse happens when, at just the right moment, the moon passes
between the sun and Earth.
● A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is engulfed in a shadow
cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when
the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned. Such alignment coincides with a new
moon indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane.
● https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/eclipse-snap/en/
Types of Solar Eclipse
● Total - Total solar eclipses happen when the sun is completely blocked by the moon.
Total solar eclipses are only visible from a specific part of the Earth. The moon is
considerably smaller and this its shadow will only pass through a narrow path on
Earth’s surface. Areas around that path will only see a partial solar eclipse.
● Partial - Partial solar eclipses are when the Moon doesn’t completely cover the Sun.
The Moon passes off-center and only a portion of the Sun is obscured.
● Annual - An annular eclipse is when the Moon doesn’t cover the entirety of the Sun,
even if the Moon’s completely centered in front of it. This happens because the Moon’s
orbit is an ellipsis and the Moon is closer to the Earth. During this kind of eclipse, the
bright ring around the Moon is called the “ring of fire.”

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/solar-eclipse-article/
Lunar Eclipse

● The moonlight we see on Earth is sunlight reflected off the Moon's grayish-
white surface. The amount of Moon we see changes over the month — lunar
phases — because the Moon orbits Earth and Earth orbits the Sun.
Everything is moving.
● During a lunar eclipse, Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon,
blocking the sunlight falling on the Moon. Earth's shadow covers all or part
of the lunar surface.
● https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/lunar-phases-and-eclipses/
Types of Lunar Eclipse
● Total
● Partial

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/reference/lunar-eclipses/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW2xRR75lKE
Thursday
 1. Sharing the Globe Model
2. How to make architectural maps?
Tuesday
Historical Maps
● Historical maps are a great resource to help learn about a place at a particular point in
time. They can be used to locate exactly where someone's ancestors lived and to learn
quite a bit about the neighborhood or surrounding area. Using maps in conjunction with
other sources such as census records, city, telephone and business directories, tax lists, and
land records can help to see the information in a different light. It might even help to
locate some of those "missing people."
● Historical maps can show what an area was like in the past. Was it woods, rock
outcroppings, prairie, meadow, swamp, farmland, or all of them? Farmers on the edge of
civilization have always been selling land to or becoming land developers. Some of them
helped to organize a new town or city. Many of the streets and the original subdivisions
were often named after the founders, the landowners, or the early settlers. Look at the old
maps to see where they lived.
Globe Presentations
Wednesday
A Brief History of Cartography
It was not until the early 16th century that the first world maps began
to appear, Gerardus Mercator from Belgium was the leading
cartographer of the mid-16th century. He developed a mapping
projection based on mathematics, which was much more accurate
than any other up until that date. He published a map of the world in
1569 based on this projection.
Key Vocabulary -

● Cartography - the art and science of graphically representing a

geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It
may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other non
geographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area.

● Projection - In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globe's

surface into a plane in order to make a map. This requires a systematic
transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the
surface of the globe into locations on a plane.There is no limit to the
number of possible map projections.
In light of this, many other map projections were soon developed and in
1570 the first modern atlas was published by Antwerp cartographer
Abraham Ortelius.
The Nova Orbis Tabula In Lucem Edita is a similar but more ornate version of the
Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula. The latter was published in 1630 and was the
first dated map to be published in an atlas.
In 1740, German map publisher Matthias Seutter used the Vertical
Perspective projection which placed the map observer at a 12,750km
distance. This type of projection is the same as is used today for Google
Earth.

In the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries, explorers mapped
trails and army engineers surveyed government lands. The old map
pictured below was released in 1858, after the US had been thoroughly
explored and mapped.
Orange Peel Experiment
Didn’t work? This is exactly what happens with maps!
● Consider an orange peel: if you want to try and lay it flat, you have to
stretch it, squash it, and tear it. Likewise with the Earth—if we want to
make a map, we need to distort the Earth’s surface to flatten it.
● The good news is that map projections allow us to distort
systematically; we know exactly how things are being stretched or
squashed at any given point.
● We have many different map projections because each has different
patterns of distortion—there is more than one way to flatten an
orange peel. Some projections can even preserve certain features of
the Earth without distorting them, though they can’t preserve
everything.
Projection properties
We often talk about map projections in terms of the ways in which they
distort or preserve certain things about the Earth, which we call projection
properties. There are four main properties:
 1. Area
Notice how Greenland is
about as big as South
America on a Mercator
projection. In reality, South
America is eight times larger
than Greenland. The Mercator
projection doesn’t preserve
area correctly, especially as
you get closer to the poles.
On the other hand, one kind
of projection that doesn’t
distort area is the Cylindrical
Equal Area.
Notice here how Greenland looks the right size as compared to South America.
Projections which preserve areas are called equivalent or equal-area projections. A
map projection either preserves areas everywhere, or distorts it everywhere. This
is an all-or-nothing property.
2. Form
On the projection above, look at
how Australia, on the right, is
unrecognizable, and New
Zealand is stretched out into a
ring around the left edge of the
map. This projection does not
preserve the “look” or the “form”
of places. It stretches or twists or
squashes them, instead. Contrast
that with a Lambert Conformal
Conic (below), on the other hand,
which preserves the general form
of the landmasses.
Projections like this are called
conformal projections. Under
the hood, this property is
actually a little more complex:
conformal projections actually
preserve local angles. But
what that boils down to for
cartographers is that places
look more like themselves. In
the example below, Greenland
is shown as it appears on
three conformal projections
(top row) and three non-
conformal projections (bottom
row).
Notice how the conformal
projections keep Greenland
looking Greenlandy. The
shape changes some, and
parts of the island get larger
or smaller, but they all have
the same general form, even
if they aren’t exactly alike. In
the same way, a rectangle
and a square have the same
general “form” despite being
different shapes, whereas a
square and a circle do not.
3. Distance
A trip from Madison to Buenos
Aires is much farther than a trip
from Madison to Madrid. But on
an Equirectangular projection,
both of those trips looks like
they’re the same length,
because this is a projection that
does not preserve distance. On
the other hand, the Azimuthal
Equidistant projection shows
distances in the correct
proportion.
● There’s a catch, though. While we have map projections that can
preserve areas or form everywhere on the map, there isn’t one that can
preserve distances everywhere.
● There are only projections that let you preserve distances relative to just
one or two points on the map. Distances to and from the center of an
Azimuthal Equidistant map are shown correctly, but distances between
any other two points are distorted.
● When a projection preserves distance, we call it equidistant.
4. Direction
New York City and Istanbul are
on nearly the same line of
latitude, about 41ºN. That
means that if you head due
east on a straight line from New
York, you’ll reach Istanbul. But
that doesn’t mean that this is
the shortest distance between
the two cities.
● In this image, there’s a line which shows the straightest, simplest path
between New York and Istanbul, which is simply to point yourself east and
start flying.
● But the curved line above it shows the way you should go if you’d like to travel
the least distance while getting there. Because the Earth’s surface is curved,
the shortest paths around it are curved, too.
● This can be a bit confusing, but makes more sense if you try it yourself: find a
globe and place a piece of string on it. Pin one end to New York and one to
Istanbul, and pull the string taut. You’ll notice that the string covers the exact
same path as the curved route in the map above. We call these curved
shortest-distance paths great circle routes. On the other hand, a path like the
straight line, where you keep yourself pointed in the exact same compass
direction the whole time, is called a rhumb line or a loxodrome.
https://www.axismaps.com/guid
e/map-projections
Mercator Projection
A few major misconceptions -

● Alaska is nearly as large as the continental US

● Greenland is roughly the same size as Africa
● Europe (excluding Russia) is only bit larger than South America
● Antarctica dwarfs all the continents
Gall Peters Projection
A few major benefits -

● Alaska can fit inside the U.S. multiple times

● Greenland doesn’t come close to Africa’s size
● Europe appears much smaller than South America
● Antarctica looks like the second smallest continent
Mercator Projection
1. Mercator projection, type of map projection introduced in 1569 by
Gerardus Mercator.
2. It is often described as a cylindrical projection.
3. This projection is widely used for navigation charts, because any straight line on a
Mercator projection map is a line of constant true bearing that enables a navigator
to plot a straight-line course.
4. It is less practical for world maps, however, because the scale is distorted; areas
farther away from the Equator appear disproportionately large.
5. On a Mercator projection, for example, the landmass of Greenland appears to be
greater than that of the continent of South America; in actual area, Greenland is
smaller than the Arabian Peninsula.
Gall-Peters Projection
1. It was presented by German historian and journalist Arno Peters in 1973
(Rosenberg, 2013), who claimed that the map created by Gall – Peters
projection are more fairly than the widely accepted map, Mercator
projection map, which was not only area distortion, but apparent
discrimination.
2. Arno Peters thought Mercator map projection enlarges the size of Europe
and North America, while these flaws are avoided in his own projection
map.
3. With Gall – Peters projection, the areas of equal size on the map pretty
much the way they appear on the globe.
Axial Tilt
Axial tilt determines the length of daylight at any point on the earth. The 23.5 degrees of tilt and the
position of the north pole relative to the sun factors in. When the pole is tilted towards the sun, daylight is
longer than when it is pointed away. The picture below demonstrates this.
Why Does Earth Have Day and Night?
While you don't feel it, Earth is spinning. Once every 24 hours Earth turns — or rotates on its axis
— taking all of us with it. When we are on the side of Earth that is facing the Sun, we have
daylight. As Earth continues its spin, we are moved to the side facing away from our Sun, and we
have nighttime. If we were looking down on Earth from above the north pole, we could see that
Earth rotates counterclockwise, and we would watch daylight and darkness sweeping across our
globe from east to west.
Do other planets have day and night?
Yes! All the planets in our solar system spin on their axes (so does our Sun!) and so they have day and
night cycles. There are differences, however, in the length of day and night — the cycles are made even
more complex by the tilt of a planet's axis and its rate of orbit. Some planets rotate faster than Earth and
some rotate slower. Mars has a day and night cycle similar to Earth. Mars rotates on its axis once every
24.6 hours. Venus turns once on its axis every 243 Earth days (which is only slightly longer than it takes
for Venus to go around the Sun!). Mercury's day and night cycle is more complex. Mercury rotates one-
and-a-half times during each orbit around the Sun. Because of this, Mercury's day — from sunrise to
sunrise — is 176 Earth days long. The larger planets spin much faster. Jupiter rotates once every 10
hours, Saturn spins once every 11 hours, and Neptune completes a rotation in 16 hours. Pluto, at the
farthest reaches of our solar system, spins on its axis once every 6.4 days.

Something to ponder: Does Pluto even have a “day” and “night” like we think of on Earth? Pluto is so
distant from the center of our solar system that our Sun would look like a very bright star in its sky!