Sampling

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 What is sampling?
Sampling is a procedure by which some members of the given population are
selected as representative of the entire population.

When taking a sample, we will be confronted with the

following questions:
o What is the group of people from which we want to draw a
sample?
o How many people do we need in our sample?
o How will these people be selected?
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 Sampling cont’d….
Target population (reference population): is that
population about which an investigator wishes to draw a
conclusion.
Study population (population sampled)
the actual group in which the study is conducted =
Sample
For Practical reasons the study population is often
more limited than the target population.
In some instances, the target population and the
population sampled are identical.
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 Cont’d……
Sampling unit: The unit of selection in the sampling
process.
• For example, in a sample of districts, the sampling
unit is a district; in a sample of persons, a person, etc.

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 Cont’d….
Study unit: The unit on which the observations will be
collected.
• For example, persons in a study of disease prevalence,
or households, in a study of family size.
N.B. The sampling unit is not necessarily the same as
the study unit.
oGeneralizability is a two-stage procedure: we want
to able to generalize from the sample to the study
population and then from the study population to
the target population
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 •E.g.: In a study of the
prevalence of HIV among
orphan children in
Addis Ababa, a random sample
of orphan children in Lideta
Sample Kifle Ketema were included.
Target Population: All orphan
Study Population children in Addis Ababa
•Study population: All orphan
Target Population
children in Lideta Kifle Ketema
Sample: Orphan children in
Lideta Kifle Ketema included in
the study
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Collect information from a Draw conclusions
comparatively SMALL about a rather LARGE
sample
population

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 Cont’d….

Sample design: The scheme for selecting the

sampling units from the study population.

Sampling frame: The list of units from which the

sample is to be selected.

• The existence of an adequate and up-to-date

sampling frame often defines the study population.

• Sample size: The number of units in the sample.

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 Advantage of sampling
• Feasibility it may be the only feasible method of collecting data

• Reduced cost sampling reduces demands on resource such as finance,

personal and material

• Greater accuracy sampling may lead to better accuracy of collecting

data

• Greater speed data can be collected and summarized more quickly

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 Disadvantage of sampling
• There is always sampling error (errors in the selection of a
sample A different sample would give a different estimate,the
difference being due to sampling variation. Should be
minimized)
• Sampling may create a feeling of discrimination within the
population
• It may be inadvisable where every unit in the population is
legally required to have a record

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 Methods of sampling

The goal of sample selection needs to be as accurate as possible in order to

draw a meaningful inference about population characteristics from results of
the sample.

So, the method of drawing a sample is important.

While selecting a SAMPLE, there are basic questions:

–What is the group of people (STUDY

POPULATION)from which we want to draw a

sample?

–How many people do we need in our sample?

–How will these people be selected?

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 Methods of sampling

• There are two broad categories of sampling methods

1. Probability sampling methods

2. Non-probability sampling methods

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1. Probability sampling methods
• Probability sampling method is any method of sampling that
utilizes some form of random selection.

Every sampling unit has a known and non-zero probability

of selection into the sample.

Involves random selection of a sample

Reliable estimates can be produced and

Inferences can be made about the population

Might be costly
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 Simple random sample (SRS)

• Is the most basic types of random sampling

• To select a simple random sample you need to:

Make a numbered list of all the units in the population

from which you want to draw a sample.
Each unit on the list should be numbered in
sequence from 1 to N (Where N is the Size of the
population).

08/02/2022 18
 Cont’d….
Decide on the size of the sample

Select the required number of sampling units,

using a “lottery” method or a table of random
numbers.

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 Cont’d….
Objective: To select “n” units out of “N”

Procedure:
• Use a table of random numbers a computer random
number generator
• Mechanical device to select the sample.
• Random function from Excel sheet if frame is
available
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 Stratified random sampling
Stratified Random Sampling involves dividing your population into homogeneous
subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.

It is done when the population is known to have heterogeneity with regard to
some factors, and those factors are used for stratification
The population is divided into homogeneous, mutually exclusive groups(strata)
according to a characteristic of interest (e.g., sex, geographic area, prevalence
of disease, etc.)

Objective:
Divide the population into non‐overlapping groups (i.e., strata)N1,N2,N3,...Ni, such
that N1+N2+N3+...+Ni=N.
Then do a simple random sample depending on the type of allocation
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 Cont’d…..
Equal allocation: allocate equal sample size to each
stratum
Proportionate allocation:
• Where:
• ni is sample size of the ith stratum

•Ni is population size of the ith stratum

• n= n1 +n2+…+nk is the total sample size
• N= N1+N2+….+Nk is the population size.
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 Cont’d…..
• Example:
Village A B C D Total

HHS 100 150 120 130 500

Sample 12 ? ? ? 60
size
• Calculate sample allocated to each stratum
Soln

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 Cont’d…..

Example:

An agency has clients from three ethnic groups

and the agency wants to asses clients view of
quality of service for the last year.

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 Stratified random sampling
cont’d….

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 Systematic random sampling
oHere are the steps you need to follow in order to
achieve a systematic random sample:

number the units in the population from 1 to N

decide on the n (sample size) that you want or need

k = N/n = the interval size

randomly select an integer between 1 to k

• then take every kth unit

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 Cont’d…..

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 Cont’d….

Systematic Sampling is usually less time

consuming and easier to perform than SRS
It provides a good approximation to SRS

Systematic sampling should not be used when

acyclic repetition inherent in the sampling frame.

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Cluster (area) random sampling

• The clusters should be homogeneous unlike stratified

sampling where the strata are heterogeneous
• The problem with random sampling methods when we
have to sample a population that's distributed across a
wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot
of ground geographically in order to get to each of the
units you sampled
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 Cont’d….
• The selection of groups of study units (clusters)
instead of the selection of study units individually
is called cluster sampling.
• Clusters are often geographic units (e.g. districts,
villages) or organizational units (e.g. clinics).

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 Cont’d…..
In cluster sampling, we follow these steps:

divide population into clusters (usually along

geographic boundaries)
randomly sample clusters

measure all units within sampled clusters

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 Multi‐stage sampling

• Similar to the cluster sampling, except that it

involves picking a sample from within each
chosen cluster rather than including all units in
the cluster.
• This types of sampling requires at least two
stages
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 Cont’d……
• Consider the problem of sampling students in grade
schools.
• We might begin with a national sample of school
districts stratified by educational level.
• Within selected districts, we might do a simple
random sample of schools.
• Within schools, we might do a simple random
sample of classes or grades.
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 Cont’d…..

• And, within classes, we might even do a simple

random sample of students.
• In this case, we have three or four stages in the
sampling process and we use both stratified and
simple random sampling.

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 Cont’d…..

• It is appropriate when the population is large and widely scattered.

• The number of stages of sampling is the number of times a

sampling procedure is carried out.
• The primary sampling unit (PSU) is the sampling unit (or unit
of selection in the sampling procedure) in the first sampling
stage;
• The secondary sampling unit (SSU) is the sampling unit in the
second sampling stage, etc.

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 Woreda PSU

Kebele SSU

Sub-
TSU
kebele

HH

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 Cont’d….

• e.g. After selection of a sample of clusters (e.g. household),

further sampling of individuals may be carried out within
each household selected.
• This constitutes two stage sampling, with the PSU being
households and the SSU being individuals.
• Advantages: less costly, we only need to draw up a list of
individuals in the clusters actually selected, and we can do
that when we arrive there.
• Disadvantage: less precise than SRS.
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 Non probability sampling
• Non probability sampling does not involve random selection

• Does that mean that non probability samples aren‘t representative of the
population?

• It does mean that non probability samples can not depend upon the
rationale of probability theory

• Most sampling methods are purposive in nature because we usually

approach the sampling problem with a specific plan in mind.

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 Cont’d….
Most common non- probability sampling methods
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Modal Instance Sampling
Expert Sampling

Quota Sampling

Snowball sampling
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 Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling: is a method in which for
convenience sake the study units that happen to be
available at the time of data collection are selected.

Example:

• Man in the street (attitude of foreigners about Ethiopia)

• Clinical trial

• College students for psychological study

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con

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 Purposive sampling
• In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind.
1. Modal Instance Sampling
• In statistics, the mode is the most frequently occurring
value in a distribution.
• we are sampling the most frequent case, or the
"typical" case
• We could say that the modal voter is a person who is of
average age, educational level, and income in the
population

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 Purposive sampling cont’d….

2.Expert Sampling
• Expert sampling involves the assembling of a
sample of persons with known or demonstrable
experience and expertise in some area.

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 Purposive sampling cont’d….
3. Quota Sampling :is a method that insures that a
certain number of sample units from different
categories with specific characteristics appear in the
sample so that all these characteristics are represented.

• In this method the investigator interviews as many

people in each category of study unit as he can find
until he has filled his quota.
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 Purposive sampling cont’d….

4. Snowball sampling

• In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying

someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your
study

• You then ask them to recommend others who they

may know who also meet the criteria

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 Thank you!!!

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