Organic Chemistry

Part 2
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

← CC 13.3
Carotenoids, molecules that contain
eight isoprene units, are responsible for
the yellow-orange color of autumn
leaves.

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

→ Fig. 13.11
Preparation of
polystyrene.

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

(a) polyethylene (b) polypropylene (c) poly (vinyl chloride)

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Examples of objects made of

polyethylene.

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

→ PAH’s
→ Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
could cause cancer

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Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Racing cars are fueled with methyl

alcohol.
Biofuels contain ethanol.

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 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Ethylene glycol is the major ingredient in

de-icers for planes.

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 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
For survival in northern winters,
many fish and insects produce large
amount of glycerol that dissolve in
their blood, thereby lowering the
freezing point.

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Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Cough drops contain menthol

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 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers cont’d

The oxidation of ethanol is the basis

for the “breathalyzer test.”

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Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers cont’d

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 Aldehydes and Ketones

Benzaldehyde is the main flavor

component of almonds.

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 Aldehydes and Ketones cont’d

Formalin is used to preserve

biological specimens. (Methanal)

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 Aldehydes and Ketones

The delightful odor of melted butter

is largely due to butanedione.

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 Aldehydes and Ketones

When a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde dissolved in acetic acid is treated with concentrated
hydrocloric acid, a cross-linked phenolformaldehyde network polymer is formed.

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 Aldehydes and Ketones

Bakelite jewelry in use during the

1930-1950 time period.

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 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d

→ Raspberry Flavor is an
ester (Isobutyl
methanoate)

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 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d

“Drug-sniffing” dogs used by

narcotics agents can find hidden
heroin by detecting the odor of
acetic acid.

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Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d

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Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d

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Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives
← CC 16.1 Alpha hydroxy acids
(e.g. glycolic acid and lactic
acid).
← Found in cosmetic products ti
adress problems of dryness,
flaking and itchiness of skin/

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 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d

Moldy bread
Propionic acid is being
used to avoid
spoilage of bread

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Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives cont’d
Aspirin

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 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and
Other Acid Derivatives

→ Nitroglycerin is used in
treating chest pain
related to angina
pectoris

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 Amines and Amides

Parachutist with a parachute

made of the polyamide nylon.

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 Amines and Amides cont’d

→ Coffee beans contain

caffeine (Amine)
→ CNS stimulant

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 Amines and Amides cont’d
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(a) Before the conduction of a nerve impulse. (b) An incoming nerve impulse triggers the release of
neurotransmitter molecules. (c) Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites, activating the receptor
nerve cell.
e.g. Dopamine is found in the brain. Deficiency of this neurotransmitter results in Parkinson’s disease.
Serotonin. Also a brain chemical involves in sleep sensory perception and the regulation of body
temperature. This is also implicated in mental illness.
Amines and Amides

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 Amines and Amides

Oriental poppy plants are the source

of several narcotic painkillers,
including morphine.

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Amines and Amides cont’d

←CC 17.4

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Amines and Amides

A white strand of nylon polymer

forms between two layers of a
solution containing a diacid and a
diamine.

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 Amines and Amides

A regular hydrogen-bonding pattern

among Kevlar polymer strands
contributes to the great strength of
this polymer.

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Amines and Amides cont’d

Firefighters with flame-resistant

clothing containing Nomex.

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 Amines and Amides

Polyurethanes have medical

applications. This is being used as
skin substitutes for severe burn
victims.

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Carboxylic acids, Esters, Amines