International Civil Aviation

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Learning Objectives

• Scope:
– Chicago Convention of International Civil Aviation
– Key Outcomes of the Chicago Convention
• ICAO
• Articles of the Convention of International Civil Aviation
• Open Skies Agreement
• Rights & Privileges of Contracting States
• ICAO International Standards
– Global Aviation Authorities
• US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
• European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)
• European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
– Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
– Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreements

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Chicago Convention

• Representatives of 54 nations met at Chicago from 1 Nov to

7 Dec, 1944
• Initiated by the United States Government
• Conference set out to discuss the following:
– Make arrangements for immediate establishment of
provisional world air routes and services
– Set up interim council to collect, record and study data
concerning international aviation and make recommendations
for its improvement.
– Discuss principles and methods to be followed in the adoption
of a new aviation convention.
• Conference is famously known as the Chicago Convention.

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Key Outcomes of Chicago Convention

• Key outcomes at the Chicago Convention

1. Rejecting "blue skies" doctrine, reaffirming principle of national
sovereignty in airspace
2. Endorsed formation of International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO).
• First truly global organization for civil aviation.
3. Establishment of International Aviation Standards
• Adopted 96 Articles of the Convention of International Civil
Aviation.

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Airspace Soveriegnty

• Key outcomes at the Chicago Convention

– Rejecting "blue skies" doctrine, reaffirming principle of national
sovereignty in airspace
• Every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace
above its territory.
• No scheduled international air service may operate over or into the
territory of a Contracting State without its prior consent.

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ICAO

• Key outcomes at the Chicago Convention (con’t)

 Formation of International Civil Aviation Organisation
 Initiated at the Convention on International Civil Aviation in
Chicago (1 Nov - 7 Dec 1944)
– Came into force on 04 April 1947
– In the interim, a provisional ICAO (PICAO) was formed and given
advisory powers, with instructions to lay the foundation for an
international organization devoted to the needs of civil aviation.
 ICAO is made up of the Assembly, the Council and the
Secretariat

ICAO … Setting the standards for the safety, regularity and efficiency of
International civil aviation.

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ICAO

• Organisation of ICAO
– The Assembly
• Representatives from all contracting states.
– Contracting States:
» Initial Number of 54 in Dec 1944: Current Number:190
• Meets at least once every 3 Years.
• One vote per State.
– The Council:
• Headed by the President of the Council.
• Consists of representatives from 36 contracting states elected by
the Assembly for a three-year term.
• Assisted by experts in aviation
• Responsible to the Assembly for setting the direction of the work of
ICAO.

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ICAO

• The Secretariat
– Headed by the Secretary-
General
– Oversees the administration of
ICAO
– Based in Montreal, Canada.

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ICAO

• Regional Offices in 7 cities

– Asia & Pacific Bangkok
– Eastern & Southern Africa Nairobi
– European & North Atlantic Paris
– Middle East Cairo
– North America & Central America, Caribbean Mexico
– South America Lima
– Western & Central Africa Dakar

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Contracting States of ICAO

• To be a Contracting State of ICAO

– Adopt the 96 Articles on the Rights and Obligations of
Contracting States.
– Adopt the international Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
• Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the
highest practicable degree of
– uniformity in regulations,
– standards,
– procedures, and
– organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and
auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will
facilitate and improve air navigation.

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International Aviation Standards

• Key outcomes at the Chicago Convention (con’t)

• Establishment of International Aviation Standards
• Adopted 96 Articles of the Convention on International
Civil Aviation
– 4 Parts, 22 Chapters, 96 Articles
• Part 1 - Air Navigation
• Part 2 - The International Civil Aviation
Organisation
• Part 3 - International Air Transport
• Part 4 - Final Provisions

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Key
Articles
• Part 1, Chapter 1
– General Principles & Application of the Convention
• Article 1 - Sovereignty
– The contracting States recognize that every State has
complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above
its territory.
• Article 3 - Civil & State Aircraft
– This Convention shall be applicable only to civil aircraft, and
shall not be applicable to state aircraft.
– Aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be
deemed to be state aircraft.

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Key
Articles
• Part 1, Chapter 2
– Flight Over Territory of Contracting States
• Article 5 - Rules of the air.
– Each contracting State undertakes to adopt measures to
insure that every aircraft flying shall comply with the rules and
regulations relating to the flight and maneuver of aircraft there.
• Article 14 - Prevention of spread of disease
– Each contracting State agrees to take effective measures to
prevent the spread by means of air navigation of
communicable diseases (such as cholera, typhus, smallpox,
yellow fever, plague, etc.).
• Article 16 - Search of Aircraft
– Contracting states shall have the right to search aircraft of
other contracting states on landing or departure and to inspect
the certificates and other documents prescribed by this
Convention.

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Key
Articles
• Part 1, Chapter 3
– Nationality of Aircraft
• Article 18 - Dual Registration
– An aircraft cannot be validly registered in more than one State,
but its registration may be changed from one State to another.
• Article 20 - Display of Marks
– Every aircraft engaged in international air navigation shall bear
its appropriate nationality and registration marks.

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Key
Articles
• Part 1 Chapter 4
– Measures to Facilitate and Navigate
• Article 25 - Aircraft in Distress
– Each contracting state shall provide assistance to aircraft in
distress in its territory and to permit owners or state of
registration to provide assistance.
• Article 26 - Investigation of Accidents
– The State in which the accident occurs will institute an inquiry
into the circumstances of the accident.
– The State in which the aircraft is registered shall be given the
opportunity to appoint observers to be present at the inquiry.

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Key
Articles
• Part 1 Chapter 5
– Conditions to be fulfilled with respect to aircraft.
• Article 29 - Documents carried in Aircraft
– Every aircraft engaged in international navigation, shall carry
the following documents:
» It’s certificate of registration;
» It’s certificate of airworthiness;
» The appropriate licenses for each member of the crew;
» It’s journey log book;
» If it is equipped with radio apparatus, the aircraft radio
station license;
» If it carries passengers, a list of their names and places of
embarkation and destination;
» If it carries cargo, a manifest and detailed declarations of
the cargo.

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Key
Articles
• Part 1, Chapter 6
– International Standards & Recommended Practices (SARPs)
• Article 37 - Adoption of International Standards and Procedures
– ICAO adopts and amend from time to time, international standards
and recommended practices and procedures dealing with:
» Communications systems and air navigation aids, including ground
marking;
» Characteristics of airports and landing
areas;
» Rules of the air and air traffic control
practices;
» Licensing of operating and mechanical
personnel;
» Airworthiness of aircraft;
» Registration and identification of aircraft;
» Collection and exchange of meteorological
information;
» Log books;
» Aeronautical maps and charts;
» Customs and immigration procedures;
» Aircraft in distress and investigation of 21
accidents;
Key
Articles
• Part 4, Chapter 21,
– Ratifications, Adherences, Amendments & Denunciations
• Article 93 - Admission of Other States
– Any other state not a member of ICAO, may be admitted by means
of a four-fifths vote of the Assembly.
– Pre-conditions to be a Contracting State of ICAO
» The country must be a member of the United Nations.
» The country must ratify (commitment to apply provisions) of
the ICAO Convention.
• States with limited recognition
» Non-UN member states,
» Republic of China
(Taiwan),

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Freedoms of the Air
Agreements
• Establishment of agreements between contracting states who
wish to exchange the rights.
• International Air Services Transit Agreement
– For non-traffic purposes (refueling, servicing, maintenance)
• International Air Transport Agreement.
– Includes passengers, mail and cargo

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Freedoms of the Air
Agreements
• Open Skies Agreement
– Both contracting states grant each international agreements with
no limit on frequency and capacity of the scheduled flights.

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International Aviation Standards

• ICAO International Standards & Recommended Practices

 ICAO SARPS are published in 18 Annexes
– Based mainly on the national airworthiness legislations of pioneering
nations including the UK, USA, France and Germany, driven by the
following major aviation Authorities
• US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
• European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)
• European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
 In Singapore, the national airworthiness organization is the Civil
Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS).

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Federal Aviation
Administration
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
– FAA is the US national authority for civil aviation.
• Initially created by the US Federal Aviation Act of 1958 under the name
Federal Aviation Agency.
• Adopted present name in 1967 when they became part of the
Department of Transportation.
– Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs)
• USA is the leading aerospace country
• Regulations and guidelines issued by the FAA have a major influence on
the development of the global aviation industry.
• FAA issues FARs to regulate the aviation industry in USA.
– Main role of the FAA
• Develop, adopt and implement FARs in the fields of aircraft design and
manufacture, aircraft operations and maintenance, and the licensing of
aviation personnel.

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Joint Aviation
Authority
• Joint Aviation Authority (JAA)
– Formed in 1970 by members of European Civil Aviation Conference
(ECAC).
– Prior to that, each nation had their own civil aviation
authority.
– JAA was the European civil aviation authority up till 2002.
– Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR)
• JAA issues Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) to regulate the aviation
industry for the participating states in Europe, including UK.
– Main role of the JAA
• Develop, adopt and implement Joint Aviation Requirements (JARs) in
the fields of aircraft design and manufacture, aircraft operations and
maintenance, and the licensing of aviation personnel.

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European Aviation Safety
Agency
• European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
 European Union (EU), consisting of 25 nations formed EASA in
2002 to integrate and coordinate the aviation regulations of EU
countries.
• Headquarters located in Cologne, Germany.
 Taken over the roles and functions of JAA for the European
Union
• Mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and
environmental protection in civil aviation.
• JAA dissolved wef 30 Jun 2009, with 44 member states.
• EASA Currently has 31 member states.
 Implementing Rules and Certification Specifications
• Regulations issued by EASA consist of Implementing Rules (IR) and
Certification Specifications (CS), which are mainly adapted from the
JARs.

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Civil Aviation Authority of
Singapore
• Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
 The national airworthiness organization for Singapore.
• Established in 1984 with the passing of the Civil Aviation Authority
of Singapore Act in parliament.
 Singapore Airworthiness Requirements (SAR)
• Issued by the CAAS pursuant to the Singapore Air Navigation
Order, to establish the minimum requirements for the
– airworthiness of aircraft,
– aircraft engineering and maintenance requirements,
– licensing of aircraft maintenance engineers and
– the approval of persons and organizations.

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Lesson Review

• When and where was the Convention of International Civil Aviation

held? Pg 3
• What were the key outcomes of the Chicago Convention? Pg 4
• Briefly describe the organization structure of ICAO. Pg 7-8
• How many contracting states are there in ICAO currently? Pg 7
• What does it take to become a member of ICAO? Pg 10

• What are your key duties as a member of ICAO? Pg 10

• What are the roles and functions of ICAO? Pg 6
• Where is the Secretariat of ICAO based in? Pg 8
• Which cities are the Regional Offices of ICAO located in? Pg 9
• What are the International Agreements concluded at the
Convention of International Civil Aviation? Pg 20

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References

• ICAO: http://www.icao.org
• FAA: http://www.faa.gov
• CAA: http://www.caa.co.uk/default.asp
• JAA:
• EASA: http://www.jaa.nl
• CAAS: http://www.easa.eu.int
http://www.caas.gov.sg

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