INTRODUCTION

TO AVIATION
Overview of Aviation
• Once upon a time people started to travel by feet, and then to
cross an ocean they developed ships, next they innovated
trains, then they dreamt of travelling by air. This idea lead to
initiation to innovate airplane.
• Today this industry provides with safe, comfortable, secure
travel experience from one destination to other. This industry is
the new passion for people to travel. It also increases foreign
exchange and contributes to (GDP)
• The aviation sector is growing fast and will continue to grow.
The most recent estimates suggest that demand for air
transport will increase by an average of 4.3% per annum over
the next 20 years.
 Meaning and Genesis of Aviation
• Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight
and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and
rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies,
as well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot air balloons and
airships.
• Aviation comes from the Latin word avis meaning "bird," an
appropriate translation given that aviation deals with travel
by air, specifically in a plane. The aviation industry is the
business sector dedicated to manufacturing and operating all
types of aircraft.
 The term Aviation
• The term aviation, stem from Latin avis "bird" with suffixation
meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French
pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–
1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons".
Father of Aviation
• Sir George Cayley In 1799, the man known as the “Father of
Aviation” drew up the earliest known plans for an aircraft that
used a fixed-wing design with separate mechanisms for lift
and thrust.
First Flights

• On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur

Wright capped four years of research and
design efforts with a 120-foot, 12-second
flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina - the first
powered flight in a heavier-than-air
machine. Prior to that, people had flown
only in balloons and gliders.
The first person to fly
• The first person to fly as a passenger was
Leon Delagrange, who rode with French
pilot Henri Farman from a meadow outside
of Paris in 1908. Charles Furnas became the
first American airplane passenger when he
flew with Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk later
that year.
 The first scheduled air service
• The first scheduled air service began in Florida on January 1, 1914.
Glenn Curtiss had designed a plane that could take off and land on
water and thus could be built larger than any plane to date, because it
did not need the heavy undercarriage required for landing on hard
ground. Thomas Benoist, an auto parts maker, decided to build such a
flying boat, or seaplane, for a service across Tampa Bay called the St.
Petersburg - Tampa Air Boat Line. His first passenger was ex-St.
Petersburg Mayor A.C. Pheil, who made the 18-mile trip in 23
minutes, a considerable improvement over the two-hour trip by boat.
The single-plane service accommodated one passenger at a time, and
the company charged a one-way fare of $5. After operating two flights
a day for four months, the company folded with the end of the winter
tourist season
 Aviation Terminology
• The terminology used in aviation is the whole of the
concepts and codes uttered by the pilot, co-pilot, flight
attendant, cabin crew, tower, traffic controller, etc.
during a flight.
• All other occupations have their own jargon. However, it is
different in the aviation industry. This is a result caused by the
necessity of global standardization. Everybody uses the same
jargon all around the world so that each pilot can
communicate with the air traffic control towers. Everybody in
this sector required to have sufficient knowledge of the
terminology and the passengers are entitled to know the ones
regarding the flights, such as boarding or check-in.
Air transport: Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet
aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes,
or anything else that can sustain flight.
Benefits of air transport
Airplanes can cover long distances in a
matter of hours, enabling businesses to
deliver goods quickly, especially for time-
sensitive orders. This swift transportation
option is particularly beneficial for industries
such as e-commerce, pharmaceuticals, and
perishable goods.
 Brief about Chicago Convention
• The Chicago Convention (also known as the Convention on
International Civil Aviation), established the International
Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialized agency of the
United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating
international air travel.
• The Convention was signed by 52 states on 7 December
1944 in Chicago, U.S., and came into effect on 4 April 1947.
• It establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and
safety and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air
travel.
 Contd… Brief about Chicago
Convention
• The Convention also exempts air fuels from tax.

• The Convention provided for the sovereignty of airspace

above the territory of each state, together with five
freedoms (later expanded to nine by the addition of four
unofficial freedoms) which govern the freedom of states
to operate air transport flights (including the carriage of
passengers, cargo and mail) across, into and within the
airspace of other states.
Regulatory Body:
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS):

• It was initially set up as a Cell in the Directorate General

of Civil Aviation in January 1978 on
the recommendation of the Pande Committee.
• It was reorganized into an independent
department under the Ministry of Civil Aviation on 1st
April 1987.
• The main responsibilities of BCAS include laying down
standards and measures with respect to the security of
civil flights at international and domestic airports in
India.
 Contd….Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS):
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• It has got four Regional Offices located at
International airports i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
and Chennai.
• The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)
recently cited the security advisory issued on the
basis of the threat perception to the opposition
raised by the passengers about the double metal-
detector-based checking at the airports.
Functions of BCAS(Bureau of Civil Aviation Security )

• Laying down Aviation Security Standards in

accordance with Annex 17 to the Chicago
Convention of International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) for airport operators, airline
operators, and their security agencies responsible
for implementing AVSEC(Aviation Security
Awareness Course) measures.
• Monitoring the implementation of security
rules and regulations and carrying out survey of
Contd…
Functions of BCAS(Bureau of Civil Aviation Security )

• Ensure that the persons implementing security controls

are appropriately trained and possess all competencies
required to perform their duties.
• Planning and coordination of Aviation security matters.
• Surprise/Dummy checks to test the professional efficiency
and alertness of security staff.
• Mock exercise to test the efficacy of Contingency Plans
and operational preparedness of the various agencies.
 The Aviation Alphabet and Numbers
• To help avoid confusion with similar sounding
consonants and numbers, in March 1956 the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
adopted a standard phonetic alphabet for aviation
use:
• Alpha, Bravo, Charli, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf,
Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November,
Oscar, PaPa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango,
Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
contd..The Aviation Alphabets
 contd..The Aviation Alphabets and
Numbers
•Pilots pronounce numbers similar to regular
English, with a few exceptions:
•The number three (3) is pronounced “tree.”
•The number five (5) is pronounced “fife.”
•The number nine (9) is pronounced “niner.”
 Common Words and Phrases
some words and phrases and what they mean.

•Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS

— ATIS is recorded information on current
weather and airport information, such as
runways in use. Each ATIS recording has an
alpha-numeric designator to distinguish it from
the previous message. For example, “ATIS
information Foxtrot is current.”
 Contd…Common Words and Phrases
• Squawk — Squawk refers to an aircraft’s transponder
code, which can be either a standard code (1200 for
visual flight rules — VFR) or a discrete code assigned
by Air Traffic Control. Squawk can be used as a
noun (Say your assigned squawk), an adjective (Squawk
code is 2345), or as a verb (Squawk 5423).
• Mayday — Mayday — meaning emergency —The word
is derived from the French term "m’aidez" meaning
help me.
• R: "Romeo." Today, it is still the simple
 Key Facts about Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA):

• It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation,

primarily dealing with safety issues.
• It is responsible for regulation of air transport
services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil
air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards.
• The DGCA also coordinates all regulatory
functions with the International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO).
• The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional
offices in the various parts of India.
 Functions of DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL
AVIATION

• 1. Registration of civil aircraft;

• 2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft
registered in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such
aircraft;
• 3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight
engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose;
• 4. Licensing of air traffic controllers;
• 5. Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities;
(Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management
(CNS/ATM))
 Contd.. DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

• Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of other

operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew; 7. Granting of
Air Operator’s Certificates to Indian carriers and regulation of air transport
services operating to/from/within/over India by Indian and foreign operators,
including clearance of scheduled and non‐scheduled flights of such
operators;
• 8. Conducting investigation into incidents and serious incidents involving
aircraft upto 2250 kg AUW (All Up Weight) and taking accident prevention
measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management
Programmes;
•
 Contd.. DGCA
• 9. Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft Rules and
the Civil Aviation Requirements for complying with the amendments to
ICAO Annexes, and initiating proposals for amendment to any other Act or
for passing a new Act in order to give effect to an international
Convention or amendment to an existing Convention;
• 10. Coordination of ICAO matters with all agencies and sending replies
to State Letters, and taking all necessary action arising out of the
Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) of ICAO;
• 11. Supervision of the institutes/clubs/schools engaged in flying training
including simulator training, AME training or any other training related with
aviation, with a view to ensuring a high quality of training;
Contd.. DGCA
• 12. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair and
manufacturing organizations and their continued oversight;
•13. To act as a nodal agency for implementing Annex 9 provisions
in India and for coordinating matters relating to facilitation at
Indian airports including holding meetings of the National
Facilitation Committee; Rev. 1, 17th December 2012 2
•14. Rendering advice to the Government on matters relating
to air transport including bilateral air services agreements, on
ICAO matters and generally on all technical matters relating to civil
aviation, and to act as an overall regulatory and developmental
body for civil aviation in the country
 Contd.. DGCA
• 15.Coordination at national level for flexi‐use of air space by civil and
military air traffic agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of
more air routes for civil use through Indian air space;
• 16. Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine emissions in accordance
with ICAO Annex 16 and collaborating with the environmental authorities in
this matter, if required;
• 17. Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and
aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent;
• 18. Approving training programmes of operators for carriage of
dangerous goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods,
etc.
• 19. Safety Oversight of all entities approved/ certified/ licensed under the
 Profitability
• The net profits of commercial airlines world
wide fluctuated over the period due to pandemic
and those companies reported significant losses
of 137.7 and 42 billion US dollars between 2020
and 2021 due to pandemic(coronavirus)
• According to the source commercial airlines
expected to register a net profit of 4.7 billions in
2023 This will be the first positive earning since
2020(source: statista.com)
 Profitability
• The net profit of commercial airlines worldwide fluctuated over the
period given specifically those companies reported significant losses

• In 2023 the global market size of the industry was estimated at

just under 841.5 billon US dollars a 7 percent increase in the
value from the year before. Amid the corona virus pandemic the
airline industry was one of the most affected businesses
worldwide. However the newly implemented measures such as
passenger distancing, digital immunity passports and contact
tracing ensured the resilience of the airline industry. As of 2023
the size of the global airline industry was just 3 percent lower than
2019 value
 IATA(International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is
the professional association of the world’s airlines.

• IATA was founded in 1945. It currently comprises 290

airlines from 117 countries, accounting for more than
80% of total air traffic.

• One of its tasks is to promote cooperation to ensure

the safety, security and reliability of air services.
 IATA Objectives

• They were also the architects of the three-digit airport codes used
internationally.
• In summary, following objectives of the International Air
Transport Association (IATA): Air transport is one of the means
of transportation that has grown the most in recent years. For
the logistics sector, the airplane has been a way to better meet
its needs.

• Air transport is a highly diversified sector that is growing all the

time. To understand air transport within the logistics sector, it is
necessary to know what IATA is and its importance for the
management of international air transport.
 In summary, following objectives of the International Air Transport
Association (IATA):are as follows

• Promote the development and growth of

international air transportation.
• Promote and guarantee collaboration between the
different international air transport companies.
• Strengthen safety within all areas of air
transportation.
• Creation of international air traffic rules and
regulations.
 Contd….IATA Objectives
•Promote the development and growth of
international air transportation.
•Promote and guarantee collaboration between the
different international air transport companies.
•Strengthen safety within all areas of air
transportation.
•Creation of international air traffic rules and
regulations.
 IATA PHONETICS
Understanding Aviation Language
• Whether an experienced pilot, a rookie, or a co-pilot, it’s
important to understand the language of aviation.

• The language of aviation came about from a need for

safety. To avoid pilots and controllers mishearing each
other and potentially creating an accident, a language of
aviation terms and phrases were compiled in the
Pilot/Controller Glossary
International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO)
• The constitution of ICAO is the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, drawn up by a
conference in Chicago in November and
December 1944, and to which each ICAO
Contracting State is a party. This Convention
is also known as the Chicago Convention. In
October 1947, ICAO became a specialised
agency of the newly-established United
Nations. The Chicago Convention set down
 current President of the ICAO Council.

Salvatore Sciacchitano
Salvatore Sciacchitano is the sixth and current President
of the ICAO Council. He was re-elected for his second
term beginning 1 January 2023, and will serve through
31 December 2025.
 Contd…(ICAO)
WHEREAS the future development of
international civil aviation can greatly
help to create and preserve friendship
and understanding among the nations
and peoples of the world, yet its abuse
can become a threat to the general
security; and
 Contd…(ICAO)
• WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote
that co-operation between nations and peoples upon
which the peace of the world depends; THEREFORE, the
undersigned governments having agreed on certain
principles and arrangements in order that international
civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly
manner and that international air transport services may
be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and
operated soundly and economically;”
• There are currently 193 Member States
 ICAO is responsible for:
•Safety
•Registration
•Airworthiness
•Prevention of economic waste
•Fair competition
•Standardisation
•Aviation Law
 Functioning of ICAO
The following description is given by ICAO itself:
• "According to the terms of the Convention, the
Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of
limited membership with various subordinate bodies
and a Secretariat. The Chief Officers are the President
of the Council and the Secretary General.
• The Assembly, composed of representatives from all
Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It
meets every three years, reviewing in detail the work
of the Organization and setting policy for the coming
 Contd.. Functioning of ICAO

•The Assembly, composed of

representatives from all Contracting States,
is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets
every three years, reviewing in detail the
work of the Organization and setting policy
for the coming years. It also votes a
triennial budget.
 Contd.. Functioning of ICAO
• The Council, the governing body which is elected by the Assembly
for a three-year term, is composed of 36 States. The Assembly
chooses the Council Member States under three headings: States of
chief importance in air transport, States which make the largest
contribution to the provision of facilities for air navigation, and
States whose designation will ensure that all major areas of the
world are represented. As the governing body, the Council gives
continuing direction to the work of ICAO.
 Contd.. Functioning of ICAO
It is in the Council that Standards and
Recommended Practices are adopted and
incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation. The Council is assisted
by the Air Navigation Commission (technical
matters), the Air Transport Committee (economic
matters), the Committee on Joint Support of Air
Navigation Services and the Finance Committee.
 Contd.. Functioning of ICAO
• The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is
divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation
Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical
Co-operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the
Bureau of Administration and Services. In order
that the work of the Secretariat shall reflect a
truly international approach, professional
personnel are recruited on a broad geographical
basis.
 Contd.. Functioning of ICAO
• ICAO works in close co-operation with other members of the
United Nations family such as the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), the Universal Postal Union, the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the International Maritime
Organization (IMO). Non-governmental organisations which
also participate in ICAO's work include the International Air
Transport Association
International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Airports
Council International (ACI), the International Federation of Air
Line Pilots' Associations International Federation of AirLine
Pilots Associations (IFALPA), and the International Council of
 World time zones
• According to the Federal Aviation Regulations
(FAR), you must use Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) while flying. Technically a time standard
rather than a time zone, this 24-hour timing
scheme never changes and ensures all pilots and
Air Traffic Control (ATC) stay on the same page.
• Keeping track of timezones while flying can be nearly
impossible, for both passengers and pilots. That’s
why UTC was created and is used by all pilots and
ATC.
 Time zones
• Time zones have a significant impact on international
travel and flight schedules. Here's how time zones affect
these aspects:
• Departure and Arrival Times: Time zones play a crucial
role in determining departure and arrival times for
international flights. Flight schedules are coordinated
based on the local time at departure and arrival
airports, taking into account the time differences
between the origin and destination. Airlines factor in
these time zone differences to ensure that flights depart
 Contd…Time zones
Flight Duration: Time zone differences affect
the duration of international flights. As planes
cross multiple time zones during a journey,
the local time on board the aircraft changes
accordingly. Flight duration calculations
consider the time zone transitions to provide
an accurate estimation of the total travel
time.
 Time zones …contd

•Flight Planning and Coordination: Airlines

and aviation authorities take time zones
into account when planning flight routes
and coordinating air traffic. Flight
corridors, air traffic control, and airspace
management consider the time zone
boundaries to ensure safe and efficient
international air travel
 Time zones …contd
Flight Connections: Time zone differences can
affect flight connections during international
travel. Passengers may have layovers or
connecting flights in airports located in
different time zones. It is essential to consider
the local time at each airport to avoid
scheduling conflicts or missed connections
due to time zone variations.
 Contd…world time zones
Scheduling and Operations: Airlines and airport authorities use time
zones to schedule flight departures and arrivals, allocate gate
availability, and manage ground operations. Flight crew rotations,
catering services, and maintenance activities are planned based
on the local time of the respective airports and time zones
Jet Lag: Time zone changes contribute to the experience of jet lag,
which can affect passengers' well-being and adjustment upon
arrival. Jet lag occurs when the body's internal circadian rhythm is
disrupted due to traveling across multiple time zones. Airlines and
passengers take time zone differences into account when planning
activities and rest periods to help minimize the effects of jet lag.
 Contd…world time zones
Daylight Considerations: Time zones also
impact the consideration of daylight during
flight planning. Airlines may schedule flights
to take advantage of daylight hours for better
visibility and operational efficiency.
Additionally, daylight variations across
time zones can affect the timing of departure
or arrival slots at specific airports
Terminal building Facilities
The planner’s role in creating airport
passenger terminals is very challenging. He has
to keep in mind the functionality of the airport
along with providing good facilities and
services of the highest level to the passengers.
While, constructing terminal complex – the
size of the building, the budget and the time
period available for the project are also very
important.
 Terminal building Facilities..contd
The planners have to be very innovative and practical to
create concession spaces for the travellers such as retail
stores, shopping, retail shops etc. So, those enough
opportunities are created to increase the concessions
revenue. The terminals planner has to work minutely
and meet out the needs of the airport client’s comma
airline travellers, airport staff and other stakeholders.
The air terminal should also be able to meet current
requirements and future prospects keeping in mind the
customer flows, aviation demand and other aspects
 Aviation demand and other aspects
such as
• Convenience of passengers
• Flexibility in terminal building
• 3. Security
• The centralized Terminal facilities
• Terminal Signage and Path finding
• Accessibility of airport:
• Maintenance
• Concept development of terminal
• The centralized Terminal facilities
 The various terminal facilities or counters present on the
airport are:

• Check in facilities
• Airport information centres
• Wi-Fi and telecommunication services
• Phone or computer recharge in stations
• Wheelchair provision or storage for disable persons
• Electric passenger carts
• Passenger luggage trolleys v Baggage handling systems
• Alternative electrical power arrangements for security,
Communications, operations and emergency systems
• Security lighting system both inside and outside of the airport
 Terminal landside facility

• The operations at the terminal landside facility are guided by

the presence of number of passenger arrivals and departures
and the cargo activity if present on the terminal. The traffic
operations of the landside facilities, apart from the peaking
characteristics depend on a number of things:

• The vehicle speed on the airport Roadways is very slow then

peripheral roadways.
• Different types of vehicles transfers Roadways on the airport.
• Complex routings present on the airport and multiple ways to
navigate the roadway system.
 Apron

The airport apron, apron, flight line, or ramp is the area

of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or
loaded, refueled, boarded, or maintained.

There are two main types of airport apron

designs: open apron and closed apron. Open apron: In
an open apron design, aircraft park directly next to the
terminal building and passengers walk directly across
the apron to board the aircraft. This type of design is
common at small airports.