Nuclear Chemistry and

Energy
Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in the following elements

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NUCLIDE NOTATION

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Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in the following elements

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Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in the following elements

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Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in the following elements

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 Definition of terms

◉ Isotopes
- particles of the same element having different number of
neutrons

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 Definition of terms

◉ Nucleons
- particles in the nucleus – protons and neutrons

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 Definition of terms

◉ Alpha particle
- a Helium nucleus possessing a positive charge,

◉ Beta particle
- basically an electron, possessing a negative charge,

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 Definition of terms

◉ Positron
- a positive electron,

◉ Gamma ray
- Not a particle, but an electromagnetic wave

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 TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTION

◉ Alpha decay or Alpha emission

- a nuclear reaction wherein an alpha particle is released

◉ Beta decay or Beta emission

- a nuclear reaction wherein a beta particle is released

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 TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTION

◉ Positron decay or Positron emission

- a nuclear reaction wherein a positron is released

◉ Electron capture
- a beta particle is absorbed by the reactant

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ALPHA EMISSION

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BETA PARTICLE EMISSION

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POSITRON EMISSION

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ELECTRON CAPTURE

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 Examples:

Write the balanced nuclear equation of the following:

1) 234U decays via alpha emission
2) 234U decays via beta emission
3) 207Po decays via positron emission
4) 7Be decays via electron capture

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1) U decays via alpha emission
234

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2) 234U decays via beta emission

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3) 207Po decays via positron emission

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4) 7Be decays via electron capture

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 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

◉ Nuclear Chemistry is the study of reactions involving

changes in atomic nuclei

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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

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 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

◉ All nuclei contain two kinds of fundamental particles, proton

and neutron, except 11H
◉ Some nuclei are unstable; they emit particles and/or
electromagnetic radiation spontaneously – this is known as
radioactivity

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 Conservation of Mass Number
-The total number of protons plus neutrons in the
products and in the reactants must be the same

 Conservation of Atomic Number

-The total number of nuclear charges in the products and in
the reactants must be the same

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 STABILITY OF NUCLEUS

The stability of any nucleus is determined by the difference between

coulombic repulsion and the short-range attraction.

◉ If repulsion outweighs attraction, the nucleus disintegrates,

emitting particles and/or radiation.

◉ If attractive forces prevail, the nucleus is stable.

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The principal factor that determines whether a nucleus is stable is
the neutron-to proton ratio (n/p).

This deviation at higher atomic

numbers arises because a larger
number of neutrons is needed to
counteract the strong repulsion
among the protons and stabilize the
nucleus.

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The following rules are useful in predicting nuclear stability:

 Nuclei that contain 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126 protons or

neutrons are generally more stable than nuclei that do not
possess these numbers.

 Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons are

generally more stable than those with odd numbers of these
particles

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The following rules are useful in predicting nuclear stability:

 All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher than 83

are radioactive

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 APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

◉ Nuclear fusion
◉ Nuclear Fission
◉ Radiocarbon Dating
NUCLEAR FISSION