Counters

• A group of flip flops connected together form a register

• A register is used solely for storing and shifting data
which is in the form of 1s and 0s
• It has no specific sequence
• A counter is a register capable of counting the number
of clock pulses arrived.
• On arrival of each clock pulse the counter is
incremented by 1, incase of down counter it is
decremented by 1.
 Asynchronous counters
• This is also called as ripple counter.
• In ripple counters the flip flops within the counter are
not made to change the states at exactly the same
time.
• This is because the FFs are not triggered
simultaneously.
• The clock does not directly control the time at which
every stage changes state.
• The Asynchronous counters mainly used T- FF,
otherwise we can use J-K and D also.
 Synchronous counters
• Synchronous counters are clocked such that
each FF in the counter is triggered at the same
time.
• Synchronous counters are faster than
Asynchronous counters because the
propagation delay is less.
 Design of Modulo-N counter
• These are the steps we have to follow while
designing a Synchronous counter.
1. number of flip flops needed
N<= 2^n where n = no of flipflops
2. State diagram
3. Choice of flip flops and excitation table
4. Minimal expressions for excitations (k-map)
5. Logic diagram.
Synchronous 3-bit up-down counter
Synchronous mod-10 up-down counter
Synchronous modulo-6 gray code counter
Design of synchronous BCD counter using J-K
FFs
Logic diagram
Synchronous Mod-6 counter using J-K
2-bit asynchronous up counter
Asynchronous Mod-6 using T f/f
Mod 10
Buffer Register
Controlled buffer register
Data transmission in shift registers
Bi-directional shift register
Universal shift register