I C ENGINES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

• Any type of engine which derives heat energy
from the combustion of fuel and converts it into
mechanical work is termed as a heat engine.
Heat engines may be classified into two main
types;
1) External Combustion engines (E.C engines)
2) Internal combustion engines (I.C engines)
In an external combustion engine, the
combustion of fuel takes place outside the
engine cylinder. Ex: Steam engine
 In an internal combustion engine, the
combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine cylinder.
Ex: Petrol engines, Diesel engines.
Advantages of I.C engines over E.C Engines
a) High efficiency
b) Simplicity
c) Compactness
d) Light weight
e) Easy starting
f) Comparatively low cost
 Classification of IC Engines:
I.C. Engines are classified according to:
1. Nature of thermodynamic cycle
• Otto cycle engine.
• Diesel engine.
• Dual combustion cycle engine.
2. Type of the Fuel used
• Petrol engine.
• Diesel engine.
• Gas engine.
• Bi-fuel engine.
3. Number of strokes
• Two stroke engine.
• Four stroke engine.
 Classification of IC Engines (continued):
4. Number of Ignition
• Spark ignition engine, known as S.I. Engine.
• Compression ignition engine, known as C.I engine.

5. Number of Cylinder as
• Single cylinder engine.
• Multicylinder engine.

6. Position of the Cylinder

• Horizontal engine.
• Vertical engine.
• Radial engines
• In-line engines

7. Method of Cooling
• Air cooled engine.
• Water cooled engine.
 PARTS OF I C ENGINE

Outlet

Valve

Cylinder
Inlet
Piston
rings
Piston
Cam
Connecting rod

Crank Case

Flywheel

Crank Shaft Crank

1.Cylinder:
• It is made of grey cast iron.
• Fuel is burnt inside the cylinder and power is developed
by action of hot gases on the piston.
• To avoid wear & tear, cylinder liners are provided.

CYLINDER WITH FINS

P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

2.Cylinder head:
• One end of the cylinder is closed by means of a
removable cylinder head which is made of cast iron
with alloying elements such as nickel, chromium,
molybdenum, etc.
• Cylinder head houses the inlet & exhaust valves.
3.Piston:
• It is a close fitting hollow cylindrical plunger moving to & fro
inside the cylinder.
• It is made of aluminium alloys for light weight.
• The power developed by the combustion of fuel is
transmitted by the piston to the crank shaft through the
connecting rod.
4. Piston rings:
• These are metallic rings made of cast iron. They are
inserted into the circumferential grooves provided at
the top end of the piston.
• Piston rings maintain a gas-tight seal between the
cylinder & the piston. They also help in conducting
the heat from piston to cylinder.

PISTON , PISTON RINGS,

GUDGEON PIN & CIRCLIP
5. Connecting rod:
• It is the link that connects the piston
and the crankshaft by means of pin joints.
• It converts the linear motion of the piston
into
rotary motion of the crankshaft.
• Connecting rods are made of alloy steels.

CONNECTING ROD
CRANK & CRANK SHAFT 6. Crank & Crankshaft:
• Crank is a lever (made of
carbon steel) that is
connected to the end of
the connecting rod by a
pin joint.
• The other end of the
crank is rigidly
connected to a
known as ‘crankshaft’.
shaft
• As the connecting rod
oscillates, the crank and
hence the crankshaft
rotate about an axis.
VALVE 7. Valves:
S • Valves are devices which
control the flow of
intake and exhaust
gases to & from the
cylinder.
• They are also called as
‘Poppet Valves’ and are
operated by means of
cams drivenby the
shaft through
crankor gears.
belts
 8. Flywheel:
• It is a heavy wheel
mounted on the
crankshaft of the engine
to maintain uniform
RIM TYPE FLYWHEEL
rotation the
of crankshaft.
• It absorbs kinetic energy
during power stroke &
delivers energy during
other strokes.
• Flywheel is made of cast
DISKTYPE FLYWHEEL iron.
9. Crank case:
• It is the lower part of
the engine serving as an
enclosure for the
crankshaft.
• It also serves as a sump
(reservoir) for
lubricating oil.
 I.C Engine Terminology
Cylinder cover
Valve
Clearance
Volume
TDC position
of Piston

Cylinder Stroke
Volum
e
Bore

BDC position
of Piston
 Bore: It is the inner diameter
of the engine cylinder.
Valve
Cylinder cover Stroke: It is the distance
Clearance
Volume
travelled by the piston
TDC position
of Piston when it moves from one
end of the cylinder to the
Cylinder Stroke
Volume other end. Stroke is twice
Bore the radius of crank.
BDC position
of Piston
Top dead center (TDC):
• In a vertical engine, it is
the topmost position of
the piston towards the
cover side of the cylinder.
• In a horizontal engine, it is
called the inner
dead center. (IDC)
 Cylinder cover
Bottom dead center (BDC): In a
Valve
Clearance vertical engine, it is the lowest
Volume
TDC position
of Piston position of the piston towards
the crank end side of the
Stroke
Cylinder
Volume cylinder. In a horizontal
Bore
engine, it is called the outer
BDC position
of Piston dead center. (ODC)
Clearance Volume: It is
If Vc = clearance volume &
volume the
Vs Swept volume of the
containedabove the piston
cylinder in the
in
piston, V
Vc s the top dead center position.
Compression ratio= Vc
Compression ratio: It is the ratio
Vs
1 As Vs Vc , of total volume of the cylinder
Vc
to the clearance volume.
Compression ratio is above unity.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
PETROL ENGINE
 FOUR STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE
• Petrol engines work on the
D
principle of theoretical
Pressure

Reversible Otto cycle.

adiabatic • It is also known as constant
process
volume cycle, shown in fig.
C E
• The piston performs four strokes
A
B (one each in half
revolution ofto complete the
crankshaft)
Vc Vs Volume working cycle. (in 2 revolutions
of crank shaft)
• The four strokes are
P-V diagram of
(i)Suction
theoretical Otto
(ii)Compression
cycle
(iii) Working (or) Power stroke
(iv) Exhaust stroke
 SUCTION STROKE • During suction stroke, the inlet
Exhaust valve
valve is open and exhaust valve
Inlet valve
Petrol Spark is closed.
Air mixture plug
• The piston moves from cover
Cover end end to crank end during half
Cylinder revolution of crankshaft.
• The air-petrol mixture is drawn
Crank end into the cylinder and completely
Piston
fills the cylinder.
Crank Shaft
Connecting
rod • Suction takes place at
atmospheric pressure is
indicated
and by horizontal line
AB in the p-v diagram.
SUCTION STROKE
• The process is initiated
by ‘cranking’ using external
energy
source.
 During this stroke, both inlet &
COMPRESSION STROKE • exhaust valves are closed.
The
piston moves from crank end to
cover end during half revolution
of crankshaft.
• The air fuel mixture in
cylinder will
the be compressed
adiabatically as shown by curve
BC in the p-v diagram.
• At the end of compression stroke,
the air-petrol mixture is ignited by
an electric spark given out by the
spark plug.
• The combustion of the mixture
COMPRESSION STROKE
causes increase in pressure
shown as line CD in the PV diagram
POWER STROKE • Duringthis stroke, both
inlet & exhaust valves are
closed.
• heat
The expansion of gases
of combustion due a
exerts
to pressure on the piston forcing it
to move towards the crank end.
• The expansion of gases is indicated
by adiabatic process DE in the P-V
diagram.
• At the end of this stroke, the
exhaust valve will open release
the burnt gases to the
atmosphere thus bringing down
the pressure as indicated by
POWER STROKE vertical line EB in the P-V
Diagram
EXHAUST STROKE • During this stroke, the inlet valve
remains closed & the
Exhaust valve remains open.
exhaust
gases
• The piston moves from crank end
to cover end forcing
exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
• The process is indicated by
thehorizontal line BA in the P-V
diagram, thus the
completing cycle.
• Thus the cycle is completed in
four strokes of the piston or two
revolutions of the crankshaft.
• Thereafter, the entire process
repeats itself.
FOUR STROKE ENGINE ANIMATION
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
DIESEL ENGINE
 FOUR STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
• Diesel engines work on the
Reversible principle of theoretical Diesel
C
Pressure

D
adiabatic cycle.
process
• It is also known as constant
pressure heat addition cycle,
E shown in fig.
A • In diesel engines the spark plug
B
is replaced by a fuel injector &
Volume the fuel ignites due to high
Vc Vs
pressure & temperature of the
compressed air.
Theoretical Diesel Cycle
• Hence the name CI engines.
(Compression Ignition engines)
P-V diagram of
theoretical Diesel
 SUCTION STROKE • During suction stroke, the inlet
valve is open and exhaust valve
Inlet valve Exhaust valve is closed.
Fuel
injector • The piston moves from cover
Air
end to crank end during half
Cover end revolution of crankshaft,
Cylinder
and
draws only air into the cylinder.
• The energy required for this
Crank end
stroke is obtained by ‘cranking’
Piston only at the time of starting & by
Connecting the flywheel while running.
rod
Crank Shaft
• Suction takes place at
atmospheric pressure is
and
indicated by horizontal line
AB in the p-v diagram.
 During this stroke, both inlet &
COMPRESSION STROKE • exhaust valves are closed. The
Fuel piston moves from crank end to
injector
cover end during half
revolution of crankshaft.
• The air in the cylinder will
becompressed adiabatically as
shown by curve BC in the p-v
diagram.
• At the end of compression stroke,
diesel is injected into the hot
compressed air as a fine spray by
the fuel injector.
• The fuel will be burnt at constant
pressure as shown by line CD.
POWER STROKE • Duringthis stroke, both
inlet & exhaust valves are
Fuel
injector
closed.
• heat
The expansion of gases
of combustion due a
exerts
to pressure on the piston forcing it
to move towards the crank end.
• The expansion of gases is indicated
by adiabatic process DE in the P-V
diagram.
• At the end of this stroke, the
exhaust valve will open release
the burnt gases to the
atmosphere thus bringing down
the pressure as indicated by
vertical line EB in the P-V
Diagram
EXHAUST STROKE • During this stroke, the inlet valve
remains closed & the
Fuel
injector valve remains open.
exhaust
Exhaust
gases
• The piston moves from crank end
to cover end forcing
exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
• The process is indicated by
thehorizontal line BA in the P-V
diagram, thus the
completing cycle.
• Thus the cycle is completed in
four strokes of the piston or two
revolutions of the crankshaft.
• Thereafter, the entire process
repeats itself.
 TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
• As the name itself implies, two stroke engine performs
only two strokes of the piston or one revolution of the
crankshaft to complete one cycle.

• The suction & exhaust strokes take place while the

suction & compression strokes are in progress.

• The theoretical Otto cycle & Diesel cycles are followed

respectively for two stroke petrol & two stroke diesel
engines.
TWO STROKE CYCLE
PETROL ENGINE
 Spark
Spark
Plug
UPWARD STROKE Plug

Exhaust Exhaust
Port Port

Transfer Transfer
Port Port

Inlet

Inlet Port

Port
fig (a) fig (b)

Crank Case Crank Case

• During the upward stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center,
compressing the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.
• The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber.
• Due to upward motion of the piston, a partial vacuum is created in the crankcase, and
fresh charge is drawn into the crank case through the uncovered inlet port.
• The compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark plug.
 Spark
Plug DOWNWARD STROKE Spark
Plug

Exhaus Exhaus
t Port t Port

Transfer Transfer
Port Port

Inlet

Inlet Port

Port

fig (c) fig (d)

Crank Case
Crank Case

• As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot gases force the piston to move downwards,
rotating the crankshaft, thus doing useful work.
• Further downward movement will uncover the exhaust port & transfer port.
• The burnt gases escape through the exhaust port. The fresh charge entering through the
transfer port will be deflected by the hump provided on the piston .
• It helps in removing the burnt gases completely from the cylinder and this process is
known as ‘Scavenging’. The cycle repeat itself here
 TWO STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
• In a two stroke diesel engine, only air is compressed in the cylinder and diesel is
injected by the fuel injector.
• There is no spark plug in the engine.
• The remaining operations of the engine are same as that of a petrol engine.
UPWARD STROKE
Fuel Fuel
injector injector

Exhaust Exhaust
Port Port

Transfer Transfer
Port Port

Inlet

Inlet Port

Port

Crank Case crank case

 DOWNWARD STROKE

Fuel Fuel
injector injector

Exhaust Exhaust
Port Port

Transfer Transfer
Port Port

Inlet

Inlet Port

Port

Crank Case Crank Case

TWO STROKE ENGINE ANIMATION
 Comparison between Petrol Engine & and Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
1 It works on Otto cycle.
2 Air & petrol are mixed in the
carburetor before they enter into the
cylinder
3 Cylinder is fitted with a spark plug.
4 Less thermal efficiency and more fuel
consumption.
5 Low compression ratio ranging from
7:1 to 12:1
6 Less initial cost & more running cost.
7 Light weight & occupies less space.
8 Easy to start even in cold weather.
9 Quantitative governing is used
10 High engine speeds about 3000 rpm
11 Used in light vehicles like cars, motor
cycles, Scoters, etc.
Diesel Engine
It works on diesel cycle.
Air only enters the cylinder & diesel is
sprayed into the hot air.
Cylinder is fitted with a fuel injector.
More thermal efficiency and less fuel
consumption.
High compression ratio ranging from
16:1 to 20:1
More initial cost & less running cost.
Heavy & occupies more space.
Difficult to start even in weather.
Qualitative governing is used.
Low engine speeds about 1500 rpm.
Used in heavy duty vehicles like trucks,
buses, locomotives, etc.
 Comparison between 4-stroke & 2-stroke Engines
Four Stroke cycle Engine Two Stroke Cycle Engine
1 One working cycle for every two One working stroke for each revolution
revolutions of the crank shaft. of the crankshaft.
2 Requires heavy flywheel because of Requires light flywheel because of more
high torque fluctuations. or less uniform torque on crankshaft.
3 It has inlet & exhaust valves. It has inlet, exhaust & transfer ports.
4 Less fuel consumption & high More fuel consumption & lower
thermal efficiency. thermal efficiency.
5 For a given power output, the engine For the same power output, the engine
is heavy & bulky. is light & compact.
6 Requires lesser cooling & lubrication. Requires greater cooling & lubrication.
7 Less noise while running as the More noise due to sudden opening of
exhaust valves open gradually. exhaust port & release of gases.
8 Engine crankshaft can rotate only in Engine crankshaft can rotate in either
one direction. direction.
9 Mechanical efficiency is less because Mechanical efficiency is less because of
of more moving parts. less moving parts such as valves, cams.
10 Used in cars, buses, truck Used in motorcycles,scooters, etc.
I C Engine Calculations
Indicated power (IP) :
It is the power produced inside the cylinder and calculated
by finding the actual mean effective pressure.

IP =
100P mL A n
KW
60
where Pm Mean effective Pressure in bar
L= Stroke Length in meters
A= Cross section area of cylinder bore in m2
d2
A= where d= bore dia in meters
4
n=Number of cycles per min;
n = N for two stroke engine( N = rpm of
engine)
n=N 2 for four stroke engine
Brake power (BP) :
It is the net power available calculated at the
crank shaft is called Brake Power.
NT
BP = 2 60 K
W
where N Rpm of crank shaft
T= Engine torque (in KN-m) =(W S )R
Where W= Load on brake drum, KN
S=Spring balance reading, R=Radius of
the brake drum
Also FP =( IP - BP) KW
where FP=Power lost in friction
 Efficiencies of engine :
(i) Mechanical Efficiency :
BP
mech 100
IP
(ii) Thermal Efficiency :
Indicated thermal efficiency
IP
indicated thermal
mf CV
where m f Mass of fuel burnt in Kg/sec
CV=Calorific value of fuel in KJ/Kg
Brake thermal efficiency
BP
brake thermal
m CV
NOTE :
(i) The mean effective pressure is given
by
sa
P m
l N / m 2

where a=Area of the indicator diagram, cm2

l Base width of indicator diagram, cm
s= spring constant or spring value, N/m2 / cm
(ii) If brake load is in kg, torque on brake
drum
(9.81 W R )
T= 1000 KN - m
BRAKE DYNAMOMETER
 PROBLEM 1
A single cylinder two stroke cycle I.C.
Engine has a piston diameter 105 mm
and stroke length 120 mm. The mean
effective pressure is 6 bar. If the crank
shaft speed is 1500 rpm. Calculate the
indicated power of the engine.
Data : N = 1500 rpm, d = 105 mm = 0.105
m L = 120 mm = 0.12 m, Pm 6 bar,
Two stroke Number of cycles n = 1500
N
Solution :
Indicated power
IP =
100P mL A n
KW
60 ( 0.105)
100 6 0.12 2 1500
4
IP = 60 KW
∴ IP = 15. 586 KW
 PROBLEM 2
On a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine, the
following readings were taken:
Load on the brake drum = 40 kg.
Spring balance reading = 5 kg.
Diameter of the brake drum = 120
cm. consumption
Fuel = 3 kg/hour.
Calorific value of the fuel = 42000 kJ/kg.
Engine Speed = 500 rpm.
Find the brake thermal
efficiency.
Data : W = 40 kg, S = 5 kg,
Dia of brake drum 2R = 120
cm
Radius of brake drum
R = 60cm = 0.6 m
Mass of fuel3 consumed 3kg / hr
mf 8.333 10 4 kg / sec
60 60
Calorific value of fuel
CV 42000 KJ / Kg
Speed of engine N=500 rpm
Solution :
Torque on the brake drum

T =
9.81 ( W - S) R KN m
1000
9.81×(40-5)×0.6
T= =0.206 KN - m
1000
Brake power BP = 2 60NT KW

BP = 2 500 0.206
60 = 10.787 KW
Brake thermal efficiency
BP 10.787
brake thermal =
= m f CV 8.333 10 4 42000
brake thermal = 0.3082 = 30.82%
 PROBLEM 3
A gas engine working on a four stroke
cycle has a cylinder of 250 mm diameter,
length of stroke 450 mm, and is running
at 180 rpm. Its mechanical efficiency is
80% when the mean effective pressure is
0.65 Mpa.
Find 1. Indicated power, 2. Brake
power and 3. Friction power.
Data :
Dia of cylinder bore d = 250 mm = 0.25
m
Stroke length
SPeed N= 180L=450
rpm, mm=0.45
0.8 m
Mech
6
Pm 0.65Mpa 0.65 10
Pa
650KPa 6.5bar
Speed of engine N=180
180
rpm 90cycles /
4-stroke n= N 2 2
min
Solution :
Indicated
power
IP =
100Pm L A n KW
60 ( 0.25)
100 6.5 0.45 2

90 4
IP = 60 KW
∴ IP = 21.54 KW
Also mechanical efficiency
BP
mech BP IP mech
IP
Brake power BP=21.54 0.8=17.23
KW Hence Power lost in friction

FP = (IP - B
P ) = 4.31 KW
 PROBLEM 4
During the test on a 4-stroke diesel engine, th
following readings were taken when running at fu
load.
Area of the indicator diagram=3 cm2
Length of indicator diagram =5 cm Spring
constant = 100 N/cm2/cm Engine
crankshaft speed =500 rpm.
Diameter of the cylinder =150 mm
Stroke of the piston= 200 mm
Determine the indicated power of the
Data :
Dia of cylinder bore d = 150 mm = 0.15
m
Stroke length L=200 mm=0.2 m
SPeed N= 500 rpm, 500
N 250
4 stroke Number of cycles n= 2 2
Spring constant s 100N/cm2 /cm
Area of indicator diagram=a=3 cm 2

length of indicator diagram l 5cm

Solution :
Mean effective pressure
s a 100 3
P = l =
m
5 = 60 N / cm 2

60 N
Pm 60 10 4
N /m 600KPa =
( 10 )
-2
2
6bar
2

IP =
100Pm L A n KW
60
( 0.15)
100 6 0.2 2 250
4
IP = 60 KW
∴ IP = 8.83 KW
 PROBLEM 5
The following observations were made during a trial on a
4-stroke diesel engine:
Cylinder diameter =25cm
Stroke of piston =1.6 times the bore
Crankshaft speed =250 rpm
Brake load =70 kg
Brake drum diameter =2m
Mean effective Pressure =6 bar
Diesel consumption =0.1 litre/min
Specific gravity of diesel =0.78
Calorific value of diesel =43900 KJ/Kg
Determine (i) BP (ii) IP I-thermal
mech (v)
(iii) FPB-thermal
(vi) (iv)
Data :
Dia of cylinder bore d = 25 cm =
0.25 m Stroke length L=1.6 d=1.6
0.25=0.4 m Speed N= 250 rpm , 43900KJ / Kg
Calorific value CV 250
4 stroke
N
Number of cycles n= 2 125
2
Pm 6bar, W=70 kg, 2R=2 meters R= 1meter Given
volume of fuel=0.1 litre / min=0.1 10 3m3 / min (As 1
m3 = 1000litres)
Mass of fuel used per second
Volume( 3 m / min) ×
mf
= dens ity of fuel 60
3
(0.78
mf =
0.1 1.3 10 3
kg /
1000)
×10 sec
60
( Density of diesel
= Specific gravity of the diesel X density of the water=1000 kg/m3
Solution :
(i) Indicated
power :

IP =
100Pm L A n KW
( 0.25)
100 60
6 0.4 2

125 4
IP = 60 KW
∴ IP = 24.54 KW
(ii) Brake power :

BP = 2 60
NT
KW
9.81 70
2
1
BP =
250 1000 KW
(iii) Frictional power :
FP =( IP - BP) =( 24.54 -
17.98)
∴ FP = 6.56 KW
(iv) Mechanical efficiency :

mech =
BP 100 =
17.98
100 =
73.3%
IP
(v) Brake Thermal efficiency :
24.54
B thermal = m fB×P 100
CV
B thermal = 17.98
( 1.3 10 3 )× 100 =
31.5%
43900 Thermal efficiency :
(vi) Indicated

I thermal = m f IP
× 100
CV
24.54
I thermal = ( 1.3 10 3
)× 100 =
 PROBLEM 6
Find the indicated power of a four stroke
petrol engine if the average piston speed
is 70 m/min. The mean effective pressure
is 5.5 bar. The diameter of the piston is
150 mm.
Note:
As the piston travels a distance of ‘2L’ in one
revolution of the crank shaft,
Piston speed=2LN m/min where
L=stroke length of piston in meters
N=Rpm of crank shaft
Here, given 2LN=70 m/min.
Hence LN=35 m/min
As it is a 4 stroke engine, n=N/2
Hence Ln=17.5 m/min
Solution :
Indicated power :

IP =
100P m A(Ln) KW
60 ( 0.15)
100 5.5 2 17.5
4
IP = 60 KW
∴ IP = 2.835 KW
 PROBLEM 7
A 4-stroke single cylinder I C engine of
250 mm cylinder diameter and 400 mm
stroke runs at a piston speed of 8m/sec.
If the engine develops 50 KW indicated
power, find its mean effective pressure
and the crank shaft speed.
Note:
As the piston travels a distance of ‘2L’ in
one revolution of the crank shaft,
Piston speed=2LN m/min where
L=stroke length of piston in meters
N=Rpm of crank shaft
Here, given 2LN=8m/sec.
i.e. 2x0.4xN=8 m/sec
Hence N=10 rps=600 rpm.
Solution :
Indicated
power :
IP =
100P m LA n
KW
60
( 0.25) 2
100 Pm 0.4
600
50 K
= 60 4 W
∴ Pm = 5.09 bar
2