LECTURE TOPIC:

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

it is a system of INTERNAL SECRETING
GLANDS.

 Their secretions are called HORMONES.

 Hormones are biologically active substances, responsible

for function of different organs
 Glands of the Endocrine System
 The endocrine glands are distributed throughout the body
 The pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pineal gland are
associated with the brain within the cranial cavity.
 The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are located in the neck.
 The adrenal glands and pancreas are located within the abdominal
region.
 The gonads (ovaries) of the female are located within the pelvic cavity,
whereas the gonads (testes) of the male are located in the scrotum .
 The pancreas and gonads are frequently classified as mixed glands
because they have exocrine as well as endocrine functions.
 The endocrine system is unique in that its glands are widely scattered
throughout the body, with no anatomical continuity.
 In addition to the glands just mentioned, several others may be
considered part of the endocrine system because they have endocrine
functions.
 These include the thymus, located in the lower median neck region;
 the stomach; the kidneys;
 the mucosal cells of the duodenum;
 and the placenta, associated with the fetus
 Proteins are composed of amino acids bound together in
 peptide chains.
 Most of the hormones of the body are proteins, including calcitonin
from the thyroid gland and hormones
 secreted by the pituitary gland, the pancreas, and the parathyroid
glands.
 Protein hormones cannot be administered orally because the peptide
bonds would be split during the hydrolytic reaction of digestion; thus,
they must be injected intravenously, ntramuscularly, or subcutaneously.
1). CENTRAL GLANDS:

- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary G
- Pineal gland
2) PERIPHERAL GLANDS:

-Thyroid
-Parathyroid
-Adrenal
-Gonads
-Pancreas
-Thymus.
 HYPOTHALAMUS

 Located in the brain just below the thalamus

 Functions as part of both the nervous system and the
endocrine system
 Hypothalamus
Pineal
gland
Pituitary
Gland
 PITUITARY GLAND

 Located in the brain at the end of the stalk from the

hypothalamus.
 POSTERIOR PITUTARY

 The posterior pituitary gland secretes two hormones that

are produced in the hypothalamus.
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Oxytocin
 PINEAL GLAND

 Located between the two lobes of the thalamus

 THYROID GLAND

 An irregularly shaped gland that has two lobes connected by a thin

bridge in between (the isthmus)

 Located in the neck on either side of the trachea and

across its anterior surface
 PARATHYROID GLANDS

 Four tiny glands

 Located on the posterior surface of the
thyroid gland, two on each lobe
 THYMUS GLAND

 A pink gland with two lobes located in the thoracic cavity

posterior to the sternum
 Large during childhood and puberty but shrinks during
adulthood
 PANCREAS

 Located posterior to the stomach

 In C – like duodenum
 ADRENAL GLANDS

 Paired, triangular glands over the superior end of each kidney.

 Each gland has an outer layer (cortex) and an inner layer
(medulla).
 Each layer functions independently of the other and secretes its
own hormones.
 OVARIES

 Small, egg-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity

 Function as part of both the female reproductive system and

the endocrine system
 TESTES

 Male genital glands, located outside the body in the

scrotum
THE END!
thank you for attention.

LI NE
ON
MED
.