COURSE NAME :- DRILLING TOOL

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM- DRILLING

LECTURER: - DANA M. KHIDHIR
ACADEMIC YEAR 2 019-2020
Introduction
Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural
resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from
surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring. Drilling
for the exploration of the nature of the material underground

The earliest wells were water wells, shallow pits dug by hand in regions where the water table
 approached the surface
OIL EXPLORATION
FORMING OIL:- Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants
and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10
million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they
sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea.
Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary
layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present.
So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich
compounds that formed organic layers
FINDING OIL
The task of finding oil is assigned to geologists, whether
employed directly by an oil company or under contract from a
private firm. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil
trap -- the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment
most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves
that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the
waves that are reflected back to the surface
The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are
reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel
at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock
layers through which they must pass. The reflections of the
shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration
detectors -- hydrophones over water, seismometers over land.
The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and
gas traps
PREPARING TO DRILL
Once the site has been selected, it must be surveyed to
determine its boundaries, and environmental impact studies
may be done. Lease agreements, titles and right-of way accesses
for the land must be obtained and evaluated legally. For off-
shore sites, legal jurisdiction must be determined.
PREPARING TO DRILL
1. The land is cleared and leveled, and access roads may be built
2. Because water is used in drilling, there must be a source of water nearby.
If there is no natural source, they drill a water well
3. They dig a reserve pit, which is used to dispose of rock cuttings and drilling
mud during the drilling process, and line it with plastic to protect the
environment. If the site is an ecologically sensitive area, such as a marsh or
wilderness, then the cuttings and mud must be disposed offsite -- trucked
away instead of placed in a pit
SETTING UP THE RIG
Depending upon the remoteness of the drill site and its access,
equipment may be transported to the site by truck, helicopter
or barge. Some rigs are built on ships or barges for work on
inland water where there is no foundation to support a rig (as in
marshes or lakes). Once the equipment is at the site, the rig is
set up
What is petroleum
Petroleum is comprised of carbon (83%) and hydrogen (13%),
sometimes with small amounts of sulfur (up to 2%), nitrogen
(0.5%), and oxygen (0.5%). Hydrocarbons (composed of carbon
and hydrogen only) make up over 90% of most crude oils. The
hydrocarbons in crude oils vary in molecular size and
molecular type, with the heavy crudes comprising more large
molecules and the light crudes comprising smaller and more
volatile molecules.
Drilling history
•1808 FIRIST WELL DRILLED BY CHINESE FIRST COMMERCIAL WELL
•1859 CABLE TOOL DRILLING
•1918 WORLD DEEPEST WELL BY CABLE TOOL ( 7386 ft )
•1930 ROTARY DRILLING
Types of drilling rigs according to
location
There are many different types of drilling rigs. Which rig selected depends on
the specific requirements of each drill site. Rigs are generally categorized as
onshore(land) or offshore(marine).       
      Onshore rigs are all similar, and many modern rigs are of the cantilevered
mast, or “Jackknife” derrick type. This type of rig allows the derrick to be
assembled on the ground, and then raised to the vertical position using
power from the drawworks, or hoisting system. These structures are made up
of prefabricated sections that are moved onto the location by truck, barge,
helicopter, etc.                                              
Offshore rigs
Offshore drilling are divided into two types: Fixed structure
types and Floating structure types.  
       Jack-up Rig. This is a self-elevating rig, and is used for
smaller, shallower offshore deposits. The rig’s floating platform
is towed into position by barges, then lowers its support legs
down to the sea floor, raising the rig above the water’s surface.
Barge rig
Barge Rig. Although Barge rigs are not moored to the sea floor,
they are explained in this section. They are floating offshore
drilling vessels but it is not self-propelled. The drilling
equipment is on the barge. It is generally towed to the location
and then has its hull filled with water. This type of rig is only
used in relatively shallow, swampy areas and are generally
capable of drilling in water depths of less than 12ft, or, in the
case of a posted barge, perhaps to 20ft.
Semisubmersible Rig
Semisubmersible Rig. They are the most common type of
offshore drilling rigs, combining the advantages of submersible
rigs with the ability to drill in deep water. The semisubmersible rig
does not rest on the seafloor. This rig is a floating deck supported
by submerged pontoons and kept stationary by a series of
anchors and mooring lines, and, in some cases, position-keeping
propellers. They have a water-depth operating range of 20ft to
2000ft.
Drilling Rig Systems
1:- Hoisting system
Derrick
Draw works
Traveling Block
HOOK
Rotating system
•Rotary table
•Swivel
•Kelly
Circulating system
Drilling Problems
Lost circulation