LESSON 8

COVERAGE
General Education 6

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LESSON 8 COVERAGE

► The following topics will be discussed

■ Jose Rizal’s Biography
■ Writings of Dr. Jose Rizal

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 Rizal’s Birth
_________________________________________

► Born on Wednesday, June 19,

1861 between 11 and 12 mn at the
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image lakeshore town in Calamba,
Laguna.
► Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado
Alonso y Realonda.
► 7th child/ 11th of Don Francisco
Rizal’s Birth Mercado and Dona Teodora
Alonso.

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 Rizal’s Birth
_________________________________________

► His family fondly called him Pepe.

► He was christened at the church on June
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image 22, 1861 when he was only 3 years old by
Rev. Fr. Rufino Collantes, and his
godfather was Rev. Fr. Pedro Casanas
► His baptism was attested by the parish
priest of the town, Rev. Fr. Leoncio
Lopez.
Rizal’s Birth

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Jose Rizal’s Parent

parents

► Don Francisco Engracio Rizal

► Dona Teodora Morales Alonzo
Mercado y Alejandra II
Realonda y Quintos
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Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandra II

► Was born on May 11, 1818 at Binan, Laguna.

► Yougest of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado.
► He was one of the 4th generations of a Chinese immigrant in the
late 1600s named Domingo Lamco.
► Pepe regarded him as “model of Fathers”
► He was a tenat and also a landowner of the Dominican state in
Calamba, Laguna.
► He died on January 5, 1898 at the house of his daughter Narcisa
shortly after the execution of his son Jose.

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Dona Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos

► Born in Meisik, Manila on Nov. 9, 1827.

► A native of Sta. Cruz, Manila.
► She was martinet, devoted, well-mannered
and a diligent mother.
► Studied Spanish at Colegio de Santa Rosa.
► Pepe considred her a remarkable woman.
► She demonstrated on how to keep families
together despite the turmoil of the Spanish
Regime.
► She possessed business ability,a refined
culture, literary giant, and the courage of a
frugal woman.
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Jose’s Siblings

Dona Saturnina(1850-1913)
► Also known as “Neneng”
► Married to Manuel Hidalgo
► Studied at La Concordia College
► Published Pascual Poblete’s tagalog translation
of Noli Me Tangere.
► Died in 1913 at the age of 63.

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 Jose’s Siblings
Paciano (1851-1930)
Elder and only brother of Pepe.
Known as Ciano

Insert or Drag and Drop your Image

Studied at Colgio de San Jose.
Married to Severina Decena and had 2 children
Died at the age of 79 because of tuberculosis.

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Jose’s Siblings

Narcisa (1852-1939)
► 2nd daughter and 3rd child
► Known as Sisa
► Believed to be the only sibling that could
narrate the poems of Pepe.
► Married to a teacher and musician named
Antonio Lopez.

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Jose’s Siblings

Olimpia/Olympia (1855-1887)
► Known as Ypia.
► Married to Silvestro Ubaldo.

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Jose’s Siblings

Lucia(1857-1919)
► Married to Manuel Herbosa of Calamba,
Laguna.

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Jose’s Siblings

Maria (1859-1945)
► Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna.
► She was known as Biang.

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 Jose’s Siblings

Concepcion(1862-1865)
► She was called as Concha.
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image ► Died at the age of 3.

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Jose’s Siblings

Josefa(1865-1945)
► Was an old maid who died at the age of 80.
► Known as Panggoy in her family.

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Jose’s Siblings

Trinidad(1868-1951)
► Like her sister Panggoy, she died an old maid at
the age of 83.
► She was the keeper of Rizal’s dirge Mi Ultimo
Adios.

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 Jose’s Siblings

Soledad (1870-1929)
► She became a teacher.
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image ► She was known as Choleng.
► Married to Pantaleon Quintero.

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Rizal’s Family Tree

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Jose’s Family

► Allowed their children to play in
the backyard.
► They belonged to the social group
of Principalias.
► They are capable of sending their
children to state colleges.
► Lived harmoniously.
► Showed love, care ,and comfort to
their children.
► Discipline their children.
Religious family.
►
► Love for God was their foundation
to value and respect one’s right.

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Jose’s Ancestors
►Rizal Family was a mixture of different races.
►Jose Rizal’s parents were of different ancestral origins.

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Jose’s Childhood Experiences
►Jose’s childhood was full of joy and meaningful
memories.
►He was amiable, thoughtful, and loving person.
►His mother was his first teacher who taught him how
to pray, read, and write.
►He wrote a poem regarding his hometown Un
Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo.

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Jose’s Childhood Experiences

► His father built him a small nipa hut.

► He was also served an Aya to attend him.
► He and his Aya shared a lot of stories about
folklores, myths, legends.
► He also experience playing alone and jus watch
the birds singing on the trees.

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Jose’s Childhood Experiences

► Jose also enjoyed doing some drawings about

animals.
► He had a pony that he used in visiting some
sceneries in his place.
► He is used to mold clays and made little
animals-like.
► He liked to have a night walk together with his
dog Usman (Berganza).

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Jose’s Childhood Experiences

He considered his trip to Antipolo to be

one of the happiest moments he had.
His first trip to Manila was to visit her
sister Saturnina.
His first grief in life was because of the
death of his sister, Concha.
At 8, Jose wrote a poem about his fellow
children entitled Sa Aking mga Kababata).
Jose also witnessed the brutal actions of
the Guardia civil to some innocent people.
This made and gave him the idea to offer
his life in the service of his countrymen.

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 Pepe’s first Teacher

► Pepe was first schooled in their home.

► His mother, Dona Teodora was his
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image first teacher.
► She taught him how to pray and read
the alphabet and the Holy Bible.
► Her mother also read him interesting
stories and poetry.
► The story of the Moth was the most
memorable and touching story that
Pepe liked the most.

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Pepe’s Private Tutor

► The parents of the Mercado siblings assured the

education of their children.
► They hired private tutors, especially for Pepe, to
provide good and knowledgeable lessons at
home.
Insert or Drag and
► Maestro Celestino(first tutor) Drop your Image
► Maestro Lucas Padua(second tutor)

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Pepe’s Private Tutor

► Don Francisco later hired dis former classmate,

Leon Monroy, to teach Pepe Spanish and Latin.
► He was a hired stay-in tutor but died after five
months.
► The death of Senor Leon Monroy caused Pepe’s
parents to send him to a private school in Binan.

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First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)

► Sunday afternoon in June 1870, Pepe left

Calamba for Binan for his first schooling.
► He was accompanied by Paciano and they
rode in a carromata, and headed to their
aunt’s place where Pepe was to stay.
► In Binan, Pepe and his cousin Leandro
went for sightseeing around the town.

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First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
►On the next day(Monday), Paciano brought Pepe to Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz’s schoolhouse located about 30
meters away from their aunt’s house.
►The school was made of a nipa hut.
►Pepe experienced some little difficulties like bullying,
skirmish and fighting.
►His uncle Manuel taught him how to fight that later made
him popular in their school.

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First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
►Pepe’s life in Binan was marked by happines.
►Pepe nurtured his skills on painting.
►Senor Juancho taught him how to do drawing and painting.
►His classmate, Jose Guevarra joined Pepe for drawing and
painting lessons during their free time.

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First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)

► Pepe, along with his classmates, concentrated much of their learning on

Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion.
► They focused on Religion, since it was more rigid and their teacher was
overly strict.
► They were forced to memorize each lessons and discipline was imposed with
a whip.
► Jose excelled on all the subjects and lessons. There well jealousy occurred
among them, and by that they made wrong stories about Pepe which caused
him with five to six blows as he was laid out on a school bench.

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 After his Binan experiences

► After passing all the necessary requirement in his studies, Maestro Justiniano
informed the parents of Pepe that he had learnt everything that he could teach
him, and recommended that Pepe should be sent to college in Manila.
► Her sister Saturnina wrote to Pepe about the arrival of the steamer Talim to
Binan, saying that he could board bound for Calamba.
► Pepe was sad to left Binan and move for another schooling. He left Binan at
the 17th of December 1870.

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After his Binan experiences

Rizal left Binan with

so much experiences.
He arrived Calamba
in time for the
Christmas season.
He was so happy to
be with his family
again.

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 The Imprisonment of Dona Teodora

►The story of Dona Teodora’s imprisonment

started when she tried to help and persuaded his
brother, Senor Jose Alberto, to just forgive his
wife who went along with another man and then
after, abandoning and leaving their children at
home, in order to avoid scandal.
►However, the woman connived with the Spanish
authority and told that Teodora and her husband
tried to poisoned her.
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The Imprisonment of Dona Teodora
►Teodora was arrested and forced to walk for about 50 km
from Calamba to Sta. Cruz and was imprisoned for almost 2
years and a half.
►The incident saddened the whole Mercado family, especially
the 11 year old Pepe, after hearing that his mother was treated
unkindly, no proper medicine and accommodation.
►The case reached the Manila Roya Audiencia where she was
acquitted.

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The Death of the GomBurZa
►A revolt happened on the night of January 20, 1872, when
about 200 Filipino workers and soldiers were not given the
proper privileges and not being exempted from tribute and
forced labor(polo) at that time.
►The mutiny was suppressed after two days when
reinforcement troops arrived from Manila.

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The Death of the GomBurZa

► The incident was used by the

Spanish authorities to liquidate the
three priests:
■ Mariano Gomez
■ Jose Burgos
■ Jacinto Zamora
► By the orders of Gov. gen. Rafael de
Izquierdo, they were executed
through garrote.

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 The Connection of the death of the GomBurZa to the
Mercado Family
►Fr. Jose Burgos was Paciano’s teacher and a good friend.
►After the execution, Paciano returned to Calamba and
told his younger brother Pepe about the news.
►The event added to the rousing indignation that Pepe felt
for the injustice done to his family and vowed to fight
against the evils of Spanish authority.
►He later wrote the El Filibusterismo , that he dedicated to
the three priests.

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 Pepe’s experiences in Manila(1872-1877)
►After the execution of the GomBurZa and the
imprisonment of Dona Teodora, Pepe was sent to Manila to
study at the Ateneo de Municipal.
►On his first day in Manila, he was accompanied by
Paciano. He took the entrance examination at the College
of San Juan de Letran.
►After returning and attending the town fiesta in Calamba,
Don Francisco changed his mind about Pepe’s education.
And decided finally to attend at the Ateneo de Municipal.
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Pepe’s experiences in Manila(1872-1877)
►At first, he was refused admittance in the said school
for 2 reasons:
■He was already late for registration
■He was so frail and sickly, aside from being too small for
his age.
►Due to the intervention of Manuel Xeres Burgos, Pepe
was finally admitted.

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Ateneo De Municipal Experience
►Pepe enrolled at Ateneo under the surname “Rizal”.
►Ateneo was ruled by the Jesuits. The system of
education was more advanced than the other schools
during that time.
►The school offered different subjects related to
sciences, arts, agriculture and even mechanics.

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Ateneo De Municipal Experience

The students were

divided into two the
externos (non-
boarders) and the
internos(boarders).
The best student in
each group was called
the Emperor.

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Ateneo De Municipal Experience
► The studenta are required to
wear a hem-fabric uniform
trousers called rayadillo.
► Pepe was assigned in the
Carthaginian Empire
because he was an externos.
► He progressed rapidly in the
class and then became the
Emperor.
► He received his first ever
prize for being the top in
their class, a religious
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Ateneo De Municipal Experience
Pepe attended private lessons in
Spanish at the San Isabel College.
Although he was regarded with
excellent marks in the class, some
professors had remarks about him
and that made Pepe disliked it.
He landed second place at the end,
even with excellent marks.

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Ateneo De Municipal Experience
► Pepe returned home to Calamba
for a vacation, but before that, he
visited first his mother and told her
about his achievements in the
school.
► After, Pepe returned to school, met
his former classmates from Bina,
and regain again the status of
being the Emperor.
► After the school year, Pepe once
again visited her mother in the
prison. Then he went back to
Calamba, to his family.
► By the time Pepe re
turned again
hmmp for his studies, as an adolescent, he
began reading books and novels
like the Count of Montecristo by
Alexander Dumas and “Travels in
the Philippines” by Dr. Feodor
Jagor.
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Ateneo De Municipal Experience
► On June 16, 1875, Pepe became an
interno to Fr. Francisco de Paula
Sanchez, who admired his skills and
intellectual capacity.
► Pepe became the “Pride of the
Jesuits”. He graduated with flying
colors. He received awards and
medals for attending and passing
ar
academic subjects and extra-curricul
activities; like Marian Congregation
and etc.
■ Member of the Academy of
Spanish Literature
■ Academy of Natural Sciences
► In June 1874, Pepe is in his junior year
in college.
His mother was freed and arrived to
►
met him and informed him that she
was freed.
► Pepe was till unha
ppy because he was
not excellent the previous year because
of his grades in his Spanish course.
► In the end of the sc
hool year, March
1875, he returned to Laguna,
dissatisfied with the result of his
performance in the school.
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 Ateneo De Municipal Experience
After graduation, Pepe
experienced his first romance.
He met Segunda Katigbak in his
Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
maternal grandmother’s house.
Segunda studied at La Concordia
College where his sister Olympia
also studied.
Unfortunately, Segunda was
engaged to Manuel Luz Jose.

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University of Santo Tomas Experience

► In April 1877, Don Francisco

asked Paciano to accompany
Pepe to enrol in Manila.
► Pepe was 16 when he enrolloed
in UST because:
■ He was not yet certain on what
career he want to pursue
■ His father liked the course
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy
and Letters.
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University of Santo Tomas Experience
► Pepe enrolled to a vocational course- perito agrimensor( expert in surveying)
at Ateneo while studying in UST.
► At the following school year, Pepe was adviced to take up Medicine.
► He like to take Medicine for his mother.
► He decided to take Medicine in UST.
► Even Pepe was a Thomasian, he remained loyal to Ateneo.
► He was still attending his affliations in Ateneo, passing the board of
surveyors(but not granted with the title because he was underage), president
of the two academies he attended, and secretary of the Marian Congregation.

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University of Santo Tomas Experience

► Pepe’s experience in the school of

medicine was not that better.
► He only received the grade fair and good
compared to the grades he got from
Ateneo.
► This gave Pepe a heavy heart for he knew
he fared better than his peninsulares
classmates.
► He hated his Dominican professors who
were cruel and biased to his Filipino
classmates who just kept quiet in spite
being humiliated.
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University of Santo Tomas Experience
► In 1879, Pepe met Leonora
Rivera, a frail and pretty
young lady and daughter of
his landlord uncle, Antonio
Rivera.
► Leonor was born in
Camiling Tarlac, and
studying at La Concordia
College where his youngest
sister was studying then.
► Rizal experienced the
brutality of the Spanish
authorities when he was a
first year in medical
course.
► Despite his over an
d
hectic schedules in Ateneo
and UST, Pepe still have
time for love.
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University of Santo Tomas Experience

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 University of Santo Tomas Experience
►Pepe wrote award winning literary
pieces like:
■A La Juventud Filipina(to the Filipino
Youth)`
■El Consejo delos Dioses(The Council of
the Gods)
■Junta al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)-a
zarzuela written in 1880 on the occasion
of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception
■A Filipina(sonnet)

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 University of Santo Tomas Experience

►After attending the ► He informed Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia

medical course in UST,
Pepe decided to study in ► Aside from pursuing strong medical
Spain.
►He could no longer endure
rampant bigotry,
discrimination, hostility
prevailing in UST by the
Friars.
and his uncle Antonio Rivera about his
plans and kept it with his parents.
course, 3 reasons about his plans in
Spain:
■ Biased and hostile treatment of the OP
professors against him.
■ Disgusted with the antiquated method
of instruction in the UST during his
time
■ The racial discrimination that the OP
solons had against the Filipinos.
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EDUCATION IN EUROPE

Studied “Philosophy
MAY 5, 1882 – and Letter and
Salvadora Medicine. And other
“steamer” foreign languages.
Click icon to add pi
cture

Singapore – Suez
Canal – Marseilles
– Barcelona.

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EDUCATION IN EUROPE

1884 – received a degree of ►Madrid – Paris (clinic

Licentiate in Medicine @ 24 assistant of Dr. Louis de
(Philosophy and Letters) – Weckert) (oculist).
University of Madrid

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EDUCATION IN EUROPE
1884 – received a degree of ►Madrid – Paris (clinic
Licentiate in Medicine @ 24 assistant of Dr. Louis de
(Philosophy and Letters) – Weckert) (oculist).
University of Madrid ► Also worked with Jagor, Virchow
(head anthropologist society),
Blumentritt.

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EDUCATION IN EUROPE
Heidelberg – Leipzig ►1885 – study art, visiting
Study Psychology, the various museums and
environment, history and associating with the Lunas,
language. Tavernas

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EDUCATION IN EUROPE
Noli Me Tangere – printed ►BerlienerBurchcdrukrei
and launched on February Action Gesselchaft Printing
21, 1887. house – 300 for 2,000
With the help of Maximo copies.
Viola

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EDUCATION IN EUROPE
In Dresden – Museum of ►Went to Vienna
Art “Prometheus Bound”

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 Jens
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Homecoming
►FirstOperation in the ►Rizalwas summoned by
Philippines was his Mother GG Terrero to
Dona Teodora. Malacanang from
■ Removal of double cataract.
Calamba.
■ Well known young oculist
■to be interviewed as the
■ Within 7 months (5k
excluding diamonds) Author of Noli Me
Tangere
■Gave Him a body guard
“Jose Taviel de Andrade
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Homecoming
► 1888 - advised Rizal to
leave the country at once.
► Search for Leonor Rivera.
► Plan on returning to Europe
via USA
► Feb.28, 1888 – sailed from
Manila to HK – Macao
(talked with the exiles of 1872)
annus hystericus.
►- japan – San Francisco April
28, 1888 – Rocky Mountains,
Chicago. Niagara Falls,-
Albany( train).
►Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
►Dr. Reinhold Rost
►Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
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Homecoming
► Annotation of Morga’s book ►General Wyler sent
► Juan Luna troops to CALAMBA.
► Death of Lucia’s husband
►@ HK asked permission
► In Belgium he continued his
from his parents and new
writing of El Filibusterismo
► March 29, 1891 in France
gg despojol to return in
completed El Fili. Published the island.
@September, 1891

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THE EXILE OF JOSE RIZAL

Insert or Drag and Drop your Image

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►Arrest and the Decree of Deportation
►Life in Dapitan
►Plans for Cuba
►Departure from Dapitan
►Voyage to Cuba and Spain

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Arrest and Decree of Deportation

► July 7,1892
► Decree of Deportation
■ Pepe was placed under arrest
■ Due to Pepe’s possession of the
leaflet Pobres Frailes.
■ His novels are anti- catholic and
anti-cleric.
■ El Filibusterismo and the
GomBurZa.

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Arrest and Decree of Deportation
► Pepe was not yet exiled but temporarily
detained in Fort Santiago.

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 Life in Dapitan
► Itwas believed that the Jesuits
advised the Governor General to
exile him in Dapitan.
► July 14, 1892(10:00pm)
■ Pepe was scheduled to leave Fort
Santiago.
■ (1:00 am/July 15) Pepe boarded
through a ferryboat Cebu to Dapitan.
► July 17, 1892
■ Pepe arrived in Dapitan
■ Met Ricardo Carcinero
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 Life in Dapitan

► Pepe stayed at the House of Ricardo

Carcinero in Dapitan.
► August 30, 1892
■ Carcinero informed the Gov. Gen, Eulogio
Despujol that Pepe wanted reforms in the
Philippines.
► September 21, 1892
■ Submitted another report about freedom of
religion and of the press.

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Life in Dapitan

►September 21, 1892

■Pepe, Carcinero, and Equilor were
informed by a mail boat from Butuan
tthat their ticket won second prize.
■20,000 pesos.
■Pepe used the money to buy a piece of
land and to build his tree houses.
■He asked Ricardo Carcinero to stay in his
house.
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Life in Dapitan
►August 1893
■ Pepe’s family arrived in
Dapitan.
■ Operate his mother’s
eyes.
► Pepe was also a
discoverer when he was
able to named certain
species and was named
after him.
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Life in Dapitan
►August 28, 1893
■ Pepe heard about the death of
Leonor Rivera.
■ He met Josephine Bracken and
immediately fell in love with her.
■ They were not permitted to tie-a-
knot because of the refusal of the
Bishop of Cebu.

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Changes in Leadership

►Don Antonio Maura (Minister of

Colonies)
►Despujol was replaced by Federico
Ochando and then, Ramon Blanco.
►Ricardo Carcinero was replaced by
Juan Sitges.
►Fr. Pablo Pastells was replaced by Fr.
Juan Ricart.
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Plans for Cuba
►Pepe felt ill because he did not received
any feedback regarding his petitions to
transfer as promised by the Gov. Gen.
Blanco.
►He wrote a letter to his sister Trinidad that
he was beginning to feel ill.
►Pio Valenzuela asked by Andres Bonifacio
to inform Pepe about their plans of
revolution.
►Pepe refused to join the KKK movement.
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Plans for Cuba

►There were other suggestions for Pepe:

■ To write a letter to obtain pardon in Madrid.
■ To make Pepe as a volunteer military doctor
in Cuba.

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Departure from Dapitan

►In return to his kindness, the people in

Dapitan prepared a celebration for their
adopted son before his return to Manila.
►July 31, 1896
■ Pepe left Dapitan at midnight.
■ He boarded through Espana
►August 6, 1896.
■ Pepe arrived in Manila.

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Voyage to Cuba
►August 30, 1896
■ Gov. Gen. Blanco gave Pepe some letters; two
for the Minister of Colonies and Minister of
War.
►September 2-3, 1896
■ Pepe left the Philippines.
►September 30, 1896
■ He was confined in his own cabin

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Arrival in Spain

►October 3, 1896
■Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona.

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TRIAL
DECEMBER 29, 1896 –
FORMALLY NOTIFIED OF THE COURT’S VERDICT.

6 officers presided over by Colonel Jose Togores Arjona.

Advocate General Enrique de Alcocer – prosecutor
Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade – defendant (1887-1888)

Jens
Martensson
 TRIAL
Guilty on Charges : Cap. Francisco de Olive

1. Preliminary charges was conducted by Col. Rafael Dominguez

2. November 20 – the investigation was done without a defendant. He
was interrogated for 2 days straight.
3. La Liga Filipina
1. To Talisay
2. Kundiman
3. Speeches of Katipuneros
“ long live the Philippines, Long live Liberty! Love live Rizal!”
Jens
Martensson
 TRIAL
Guilty on Charges : Cap. Francisco de Olive
4. Membership on Masonry
5. Dr. Valenzuela’s visit on Dapitan
6. Cap. Olive – torture Paciano for evidences

Judge Rafael Dominguez – speedy trial

Charge: Rizal was the principal organizer and the soul of the insurrection
in the Philippines, a founder of societies, newspapers and books devoted
to favoring and making public rebellious and sedition ideas.
Jens
Martensson
His last few days

December 29: visitors

Family member, newspapermen, his defense counsel, priests.

Afternoon: Maria, Trinidad, Narcisa, niece Angelica and little

Maurico

December 30 - confession
Jens
Martensson
 Jens
Martensson