Unit1 Mobile Computing

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
Basics of Mobile Computing
Unit: 1
MOBILE COMPUTING
(mkcs074)
DILEEP KUMAR
M.TECH INT 7TH SEMESTER KUSHWAHA
DILEEP KUMAR KUSHWAHA

5/31/2020 UNIT 1 1
CONTENT
• Daily Quiz
• Objective
• Video Lectures Link
• Course Outcome
• Weekly Assignment
• CO – PO Mapping
• MCQs
• Prerequisite
• Old Question Paper
• Recap
• Expected Question for Exam
• History of mobile computing
• Summary
• Goal of Mobile Computing
• Channel allocation
• GSM
• GPRS
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OBJECTIVE
 Understanding the basic principles of mobile

communication
systems,
An analysis of mobile communications with the interpretation of the

call prints,
The basic principles of the modern mobile and

wireless communication systems,
Understanding the operation of mobile communications systems and

their generation divisions
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DILEEP mkcs074(Mob. Comp.) UNIT 1
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COURSE OUTCOME
After completing this course the students will be able to: -
CO 1 - Describe the basic concepts and principles in mobile computing.
CO 2 - Understand the concept of Wireless LANs, PAN, Mobile Networks,
and Sensor Networks.
CO 3 - Explain the structure and components for Mobile IP and Mobility
Management.
C0 4 - Describe the important issues and concerns on security
and privacy in mobile environment.
CO 5 - Understand positioning techniques and location-based services
and applications.

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CO-PO and PSO Mapping
MAPPING CO – PO: -
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 S S S S W S S W S W W N
CO2 S W S S W S S S S S W N
CO3 S S S S W S S W S S W N
CO4 S S W S W S S S S S W N
CO5 S S S S W S S S S S W N

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PREREQUISITE
This course requires you have a general understanding

of computer networks.
 You should also be able to do some basic programming, read

pseudo codes, and interpret algorithms.

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RECAP
Students should know some points before reading this topic:-

 Network
 Topology
 Framework
 Operating system
 internet
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OBJECTIVE OF MOBILE COMPUTING (CO 1)
The objective of mobile computing is to develop system and
application level software for small, battery powered terminals
equipped with the wireless network connection.
There is a rapidly growing interest in this field with companies

spending billions of dollars developing technology and buying
spectrum in the recent PCS auctions
To impart fundamental concepts in the area of mobile computing, to

provide a computer systems perspective on the converging areas of
wireless networking, embedded systems, and software, and to
introduce selected topics of current research interest in the field.
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Evolution of Computing

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Mobile Computing
Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to describe
technologies that enable people to access network services
anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
A communication device can exhibit any one of the following
characteristics:
Fixed and wired: This configuration describes the typical desktop
computer in an office. Neither weight nor power consumption of
the devices allow for mobile usage. The devices use fixed networks
for performance reasons.
Mobile and wired: Many of today’s laptops fall into this category;
users carry the laptop from one place to the next, reconnecting to
the company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.

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Mobile Computing
Fixed and wireless: This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in
historical buildings to avoid damage by installing wires, or at trade
shows to ensure fast network setup.
Mobile and wireless: This is the most interesting case. No cable
restricts the user, who can roam between different wireless
networks. Most technologies deal with this type of device and the
networks supporting them.

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Mobile Computing
The mobile computing is used in different context with different
names. Some common names of mobile computing are:
• Nomadic Computing: - the computing environment is nomadic and

moves along with the mobile users.
• Anywhere, Anytime information: - this is the generic definition of
ubiquity, where information is available anywhere, all the time.
• Virtual Home Environment(VHE) :- it is an environment that a user
can experience in a foreign networks as they have in their home
network.
• Pervasive a computing environment which is
pervasive in nature and can be made available in any environment.
Computing:-
• Ubiquitous Computing: - in this a user will be able to use both
local and remote services.

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Applications
 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Traveling salesmen
 Replacement of fixed networks
 Entertainment, education,
 Games
 Education
 Banking
 Health
 Social Awareness

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Typical application: road traffic
UMTS, W LAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
Personal Travel Assistant,

Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

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Location dependent services
 Location aware services
 what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
 Follow-on services
 automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the
current location
 Information services
 push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
 pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
 Support services
 caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the
mobile device through the fixed network
 Privacy
 who should gain knowledge about the location

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Mobile devices
Pager PDA Laptop/Notebook

• receive only • graphical displays • fully functional
• tiny displays • character recognition • standard applications
• simple text • simplified WWW
messages
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
Mobile phones Palmtop

• voice, data • tiny keyboard
• simple graphical displays • simple versions
of standard applications
www.scatterweb.net

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Mobile Computing Characteristics
A computing environment is defined as mobile if it supports one or

more of these characteristics:
• User mobility: User should be able to move from one physical
location to another location and use same service
• Network mobility: User should be able to move from
network
one to another network and use same service
• Device mobility: User should be able to move from one device
to
another and use same service
• Session mobility: A user session should be able to move from one
user-agent environment to another.
• Service mobility: User should be able to move from one service
to another
• Host mobility: The user should can be either a client or server.

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Mobile Computing Functions
Mobile computing functions can be logically divided into the major
segments:
1 User with device: fixed, portable
2 Network: different networks: GSM, CDMA, Ethernet, Wireless
LAN, …etc.
3 Gateway: Interfacing different transport bearers
4 Middleware: handling the presentation and rendering of the
content on a particular device.
5 Content: it is the domain where the origin server and content
is.

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Networks
Mobile computing will use different types of networks: fixed

telephone network, GSM, GPRS, ATM, …etc.
1 Wireline Networks: designed over wire. It is called

fixed
network. Copper or fiber optic cables.
2 Wireless Networks: mobile networks
3 Ad-hoc Networks: for this purpose only.
4Bearers: transport bearers: TCP/IP, http, protocols for dialup

connection.
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Limitation of mobile computing
• Insufficient bandwidth
• Security standards
• Power consumption
• Transmission interferences
• Potential Health Hazards
• Human Interface with Devices

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Goals of mobile computing
The reason to adopt mobile computing is not subject to rigorous

cost benefits analysis but it deals with a number goals: -
1. Improving customer services
2.Attracting and maintaining a high quality work force
3.Reducing cycle time and speeding decision making
4.Knowledge management and exchanging views
5.Provide real-time analysis
6.Provide uninterrupted services.

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Issues in mobile computing
Mobility , wireless medium limitation of battery
technology and widely varying bandwidth conditions
are the main new factors which will drive application
and system software for mobile computers.
The various issues in mobile computing are as
follows: -
Issues
Software Technica Network User interface

issues Security issues
issues l issues issues

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Wireless networks Vs fixed networks
 Higher loss-rates due to interference

 Restrictive regulations of frequencies
 Low transmission rates
 Higher delays, higher jitter
 Lower security, simpler active attacking
 Always shared medium

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WIRELESS
TELEPHONY
Wireless
Telephon
y
(CO – 1)

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COURSE OUTCOME
Management.
and applications.

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PREREQUISITE
The origin of wireless telephony to cover the smartphones,

tablets, e-readers devices, etc.
With the increased demand on the wireless

telephony infrastructure, it must require incorporate high
capacity load balancing.
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RECAP
 Mobile computing concept
 Wired network
 Wireless network
 Different function of cellular device
 Knowledge about Mobile device
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OBJECTIVE OF MOBILE COMPUTING (CO 1)
Wireless telephony is the technology that operates by transmission of

information through space.
 There is no physical or fixed connection in between sender

and
receiver devices.
By using the wireless telephony peoples can be transceivers the

information from airplanes, driving cares, swimming pools and while
jogging in the park.
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Overview of wireless telephony
Wireline telephony refers to the use of transmission
media such as copper, optical fibre, coaxial cable etc.
All modes of communication using fiber optics have
one common thing that communicating devices
must be connected physically.
The wireless telephony is a telephone service based

service based on signaling over radio frequencies
without using wires. It includes mobile phone,
wireless local loop (WLL), microwave, satellite and
radio based telephony.

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Overview of wireless telephony
Wireless telephony depends on some features . Some of them are

given below: -
1. Telephony
2. Internet telephony
3. Wireline telephony
4. Wireless telephony
5. Mobile telephony
6. Cellular telephony

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Wireless systems technologies
1) Satellite technology
i. GEO (geostationary Satellite Orbits)
ii. LEO (Low – Earth – Orbit Satellite)
iii. MEO (Middle Earth orbiting Satellite)
2) Analog Technology
i. FDMA
3) Digital Technologies
TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, GSM, CDPD,
WLL, GPS

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Call routing in GSM
• To located an MS and the address the MS, several numbers are

needed: -
1. MSISDN
2. IMSI
3. TMSI
4. MSRN

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Localization and Calling
The fundamental feature of the GSM system is the automatic,

worldwide localization of users for which, the system performs
periodic location updates.
The HLR always contains information about the current

location and the VLR currently responsible for the MS informs the
HLR about the location changes. Changing VLRs with uninterrupted
availability is called roaming.
Roaming can take place within a network of one provider,

between two providers in a country and also between different
providers in different countries.
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TMSI, IMSI, MSRN and MSISDN
 Unlike MSISDN, IMSI is not known to the GSM user. The CC of MSISDN
translates to an MCC of IMSI as follows, e.g, Denmark CC: 45 MCC: 238
 TMSI is used instead of IMSI during location update to protect privacy.
As user moves, TMSI is used to send location update. Thus a third party
snooping on the wireless link cannot track a user as he/she moves.
 MSRN is the routing number that identifies the current location
of the called MS.
 MSRN is temporary network identity a
assigned to subscriber. mobile
 MSRN identifies the serving MSC/VLR.
 MSRN is used for call delivery (calls incoming to an MS).
 MSISDN is the dialed number to reach a GSM user

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Call routing in GSM
The call flow sequence in GSM contains following features

1. Location updating
2. Mobile call origination
3.Mobile call termination

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Location Registration
 MS has to register with the PLMN to get communication services

 Registration is required for a change of PLMN
 MS has to report to current PLMN with its IMSI and receive new
 TMSI by executing Location Registration process.
 The TMSI is stored in SIM, so that even after power on or off,
there is only normal Location Update.
 If the MS recognizes by reading the LAI broadcast on BCCH that it
is in
new LA, it performs Location Update to update the HLR records.
 independent
Location of the MS
update movement.
procedure could also be performed
 periodically,
The difference in Location Registration and Location Update is that in
location update the MS has already been assigned a TMSI.

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Location Registration
54
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(…contd) Location registration.

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Location Update

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(..contd) Location update.

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Mobile Terminated Call (Wired phone call)
HLR
4 VLR
1: calling a GSM subscriber 5
8 9
2: forwarding call to 36 14
GMSC 3: signal call setup calling PSTN GMSC
7 15
station 1 2
to HLR MSC
10 13 10
4, 5:
6: request
forward MSRN fromMSC to
responsible 10 16
VLR
GMSC 7: forward call to current MSC
BSS BSS BSS
11 11 11
8, 9: get current status of MS
11 12
10, 11: paging of MS 17
12, 13: MS answers MS
14, 15: security checks

16, 17: set up connection

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Mobile Originated Call
•
1, 2: connection request VLR
3, 4: security check 3 4
5-8: check resources (free 6 5
PSTN GMSC MSC
circuit) 7 8
9-10: set up call 2 9
MS
1
BSS
10

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Cellular Concept
• The cellular concept was developed and introduced by Bell
Laboratories in earl 1970s. One of the most successful initial
implementation of the cellular concept was the advanced
mobile phone system(AMPS).
“A cellular system is a high capacity land mobile system
in which available frequency spectrum is partitioned into
discrete channels which are assigned in groups to geographic
cells covering a cellular Geographic Service Area(GSA). The
discrete channels are capable of being reused in different cells,
within the service area”.

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Cellular Concept
A reuse distance, D is calculated as
D=R 𝑁
Where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per
cluster.

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Cellular System Architecture
The amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use

is limited, so the efficient use of required frequencies was needed
for mobile cellular coverage.
Deployment parameters, such as amount of cell-splitting and
cell-size, are determined by engineers experienced in cellular
system architecture.
• Cells Clusters
• Frequency Reuse Cell Splitting
• Hand Over / Hand off

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Channel Allocation Schemes
• In celluler the wireless networks, the channel allocations

schemes are required to allocate channels to base station and
access point, and to avoid co-channel interference among
nearby cells.
• Channel allocation deals with the allocation of channels to cells
in a celluler network. Once the channels are allocated, cells may
them allow users to communicate via available channels, within
the cell.

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Major Categories
i. Fixed Channel Allocation
ii. Dynamic Channel Allocation
iii. Hybrid Channel Allocation

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Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA)
• In FCA schemes, a set of channels is permanently allocated to each

cell in the network.
• If the total number of available channels in the system S is divided
into sets, the minimum number of channel sets N required to serve
the entire coverage area is related to the frequency reuse distance D
as follows: N = D2 / 3R2
• Due to short term fluctuations in the traffic, FCA schemes are often
not able to maintain high quality of service and capacity attainable
with static traffic demands. One approach to address this problem is
to borrow free channels from neighboring cells.

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Dynamic Channel Allocation
(DCA)
• In DCA schemes, all channels are kept in a central pool and are
assigned dynamically to new calls as they arrive in the system.
• After each call is completed, the channel is returned to the central
pool. It is fairly straightforward to select the most appropriate
channel for any call based simply on current allocation and current
traffic, with the aim of minimizing the interference.
• DCA scheme can overcome the problem of FCA scheme. However,
variations in DCA schemes center around the different cost functions
used for selecting one of the candidate channels for assignment.

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Hybrid Channel Allocation
(HCA)
• HCA schemes are the combination of both FCA and DCA techniques.
• In HCA schemes, the total number of channels available for service is
divided into fixed and dynamic sets.
The fixed set contains a number of nominal channels that are
assigned to cells as in the FCA schemes and, in all cases, are to be
preferred for use in their respective cells.
The dynamic set is shared by all users in the system to increase
flexibility.
Example: When a call requires service from a cell and all of its
nominal channels are busy, a channel from the dynamic set is
assigned to the call.

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Components of Cellular System
The cellular system offers mobile and portable stations the
same service provided fixed stations over conventional
wired loop. The following network elements are the part of
a typical cellular telecommunication system: -
 PSTN  HLR
 MSC  VLR
 BS  AUC
 MS  EIR

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GS
(Global System for
M
Mobile Communications
)
(CO – 1)

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COURSE OUTCOME
Management.
and applications.

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PREREQUISITE
GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division

multiple access (TDMA) technique for communication purpose.
A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it down through a
channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own
particular time slot.
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RECAP
 TDMA
FDMA
CDMA
CSMA/CA
Networking
IP Address
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OBJECTIVE OF GSM (CO 1)
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital

cellular communications.
 GSM uses narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

for
providing voice and text based services over mobile phone networks.
 GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a

channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own timeslot.
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Development of the GSM Standard
1992: Official commercial launch of

1982: Group Special Mobile (GSM) GSM service in Europe. First
created Launch in Finland
1993: The GSM-MoU has 62
1984: Description of GSM features signatories in 39 countries
worldwide.
1985: List of recommendations settled
1987: Initial MoU (Memorandum of 1995: Specifications of GSM phase 2
Understanding) aside the drafting of are frozen.
technical specifications was signed 1999: GSM MoU joins 3GPP (UMTS)
by network operators of 13 countries: GPRS Trials begins
2000: 480M GSM subscribers
1988: Validation and trials, of the Worldwide
Radio interface. First GPRS Networks roll out
1991: First system trials are End 2002: 792M GSM subscribers
demonstrated at the Telecom 91 Worldwide
exhibition.

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Introduction
GSM is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication

system in the world today. GSM permits the integration of different
voice and data services and the interworking with existing
networks. GSM has defined three different categories of services:
 Bearer Services
 Tele Services
 Supplementary services.

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GSM: A multi cellular Service

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GSM Architecture
A GSM system
consists
of three subsystems: -
radio sub
system (RSS),
 the network
and
switching
subsystem (NSS),
and the operation
subsystem (OSS).

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Network Switching Subsystem
The NSS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber
related functions. The switching system includes the following functional
units:
Home location register (HLR): It is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. HLR stores permanent data about
subscribers, including a subscribers service profile, location information
and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from the
PCS provider, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

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• Visitor location register (VLR): It is a database that contains

temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the
MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. VLR is always
integrated with the MSC. When a MS roams into a new MSC area,
the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile
station from the HLR. Later if the mobile station needs to make a
call, VLR will be having all the information needed for call setup.

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Authentication center (AUC): A unit called the AUC provides

authentication and encryption parameters that verify the users
identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call.
Equipment identity register (EIR): It is a database that contains
information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents
calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations.
 Mobile switching center (MSC): The MSC performs the telephony
switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from
other telephone and data systems.

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Radio Subsystem(RSS)
The radio subsystem (RSS) comprises all radio specific entities, i.e., the
mobile stations (MS) and the base station subsystem (BSS). The figure
shows the connection between the RSS and the NSS via the A interface
(solid lines) and the connection to the OSS via the O interface (dashed
lines).
Base station subsystem (BSS): A GSM network comprises many BSSs,
each controlled by a base station controller (BSC). The BSS performs all
functions necessary to maintain radio connections to an MS,
coding/decoding of voice, and rate adaptation to/from the wireless
network part. Besides a BSC, the BSS contains several BTSs.

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Radio Subsystem(RSS)
Base station controllers (BSC): The BSC provides all the control functions
and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high capacity switch
that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and
control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in BTS. A number of BSC’s
are served by and MSC.
Base transceiver station (BTS): The BTS handles the radio interface to the
mobile station. A BTS can form a radio cell or, using sectorized antennas,
several and is connected to MS via the Um interface, and to the BSC via
the Abis interface. The Um interface contains all the mechanisms
necessary for wireless transmission (TDMA, FDMA etc.)The BTS is the
radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell
in the network. A group of BTS’s are controlled by an BSC.

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Operation and Support system
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all

equipment in the switching system and to the BSC. Implementation
of OMC is called operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is
the functional entity from which the network operator monitors
and controls the system.
OSS provides a network overview and allows engineers to monitor,
diagnose and troubleshoot every aspect of the GSM network.
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the
terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM).

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Operation and Support system
The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user
can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific
terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the
user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that
terminal, and receive other subscribed services
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card
contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to
identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for
authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are
independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may
be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal
identity number

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GSM Protocols

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HANDOVER (“Handoff”)
 There are four different types of handover in the GSM system.

Handover involves transferring a call between:
 Channels (time slots) in the same cell
 Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the

same Base Station Controller (BSC),
 Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the

same Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), and
 Cells under the control of different MSCs.

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Handover procedures in GSM
8
Connection route
MSC-A
MSC- C
1 MSC-B
6 8
BSC
4 3
BSC
BTS 1 BSC
2
BTS 2
BTS 3
5 7
61
BTS 3

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GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)
(CO – 1)

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COURSE OUTCOME
Management.
and applications.

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PREREQUISITE
Data routing or routing of data packets to and fro from a mobile user,
is one of the pivot requisites in the GPRS network.
 The requirement can be divided into two areas:
 Data packet routing.
 Mobility management.
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RECAP
Students should be aware from some terms before reading this topic.
These topic are: -
• MSC
• BSC
• BSS
• HLR
• VLR
• Etc.
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OBJECTIVE OF GPRS (CO 1)
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet-based wireless

communication service that promises data rates from 56 up to 114
Kbps and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and
computer users.
GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication

and complements existing services such circuit – switched cellular
phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS).
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Introduction
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile

data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's
global system for mobile communications(GSM). GPRS was
originally standardized by European Telecommunication standards
Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-
switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

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Introduction
The GPRS concept is independent of channel characteristics and of

the type of channel (traditional GSM traffic or control channel), and
does not limit the maximum data rate (only the GSM transport
system limits the rate). All GPRS services can be used in parallel to
conventional services. GPRS includes several security services such
as authentication, access control, user identity confidentiality, and
user information confidentiality.
There are two types of support nodes: -
1. SGSN( Serving GPRS Support Node)
2. GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node)

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GPRS Architecture Reference Model

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GPRS
transmission plane protocol reference model

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GPRS

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General Architecture

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Daily Quiz
1. Explain mobile computing and its standards.

2. Explain HLR.
3. Difference between HLR and VLR.
4. Explain TMSI.
5. Explain MSRN
6. What are the mean of Handover.
7. What is the full form of GPRS, GSM, and GPS?

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video
Links and Online Courses Details
Youtube/other Video Links
1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kBknJWi71Q&list=PLrjkTql3j
nm-kLRBgIt8kvuwbTScoI2IJ
2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6XFH396rQc&list=PLrjkTql3j
nm-kLRBgIt8kvuwbTScoI2IJ&index=2
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxOUCDjHg_Q&list=PLrjkTql3
j
4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDM5zWE8dsw&list=PLrjkTql
3jnm-kLRBgIt8kvuwbTScoI2IJ&index=11
5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaeGni4QBdA&list=PLrjkTql3j

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
MCQ s
5. To which one of the following generations does CDMA belong?
a)First Generation b)Second Generation
c)Third Generation d) Fourth Generation
6. Pervasive computing is also called by which one of the following
names?
a) Soft Computing c) Mobile Computing
b)Remote Computing d) Ubiquitous Computing
7. Unauthorized access of information from a wireless device
through a bluetooth connection is called
a) Bluemaking b) Bluesnarfing
c) Bluestring d) Bluescoping
8. Global Positioning System uses
a) CDMA b)TDMA
c) SDMA d) FDMA

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
Daily Quiz
1. Which of the following is the world’s first cellular system to specify digital
modulation and network level architecture?
a) GSM b) AMPS
c) CDMA d) IS-54
2. Who set the standards of GSM?
a) ITU b) AT & T
c) ETSI d) USDC
3. Previously in 1980s, GSM stands for
a) Global System For Mobile b) Groupe Special Mobile
c) Global Special Mobile d) Groupe System Mobile
4. Which of the following does not come under subsystem of GSM
architecture?
a) BSS b) NSS
c) OSS d) Channel
5. What is handoff?
a) Forward channel b) Switching technique
c) Roamer d) Guard channel

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
WEEKLY ASSIGNMENT
1. What is mobile computing? Explain the mobile
computing environment. Discuss the applications of mobile
computing.
2. Discuss the issues in mobile computing.
3. What is GSM? Explain the architecture of GSM.
4. Explain ubiquitous computing.
5. Describe the mobile generations.

6. Explain GPRS.
7. Write short notes on the followings:
a. FDMA,
5/31/2020
b. TDMA,
DILEEP
c. CDMA
mkcs074(Mob. Comp.) UNIT 1 89
KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS
1. http://www.aktuonline.com/papers/mca-4-sem-mobile-computing-
nmca-414-2017-18.html
rcae-15-2017-18.html
nmca-414-2016-17.html
nmca-414-2016-17.html
nmca-414-2015-16.html

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
EXPECTED QUESTION FOR EXAM
1. What are the most important challenges facing mobile computing

today? Discuss each of them in detail.
2. What is wireless telephony system? Discuss its

characteristics features.
3. Discuss how digital communication is better than

analog communication.
4. Compare and contrast FDMA, TDMA and CDMA techniques.
5. What is the fundamental role of mobile computing in

wireless communication? Discuss major area of it.

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
SUMMARY
The innovative technology of Mobile Computing is highly useful as it

permits transmission of data, voice and video with the help of a
computer or some other similar type of wireless enabled device
without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.
In this chapter we study GSM Technology. We study all the basic
concepts related to GSM technology, GSM basic overview, its
architecture along with a description about all important GSM
elements and a brief GSM specification.

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
SUMMARY
General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-
generation step toward internet access. GPRS is also known as GSM-
IP that is a Global-System Mobile Communications Internet Protocol
as it keeps the users of this system online, allows to make voice calls,
and access internet on-the-go.
At the present time wireless telephony connected to the

PSTN consists of cordless telephones, cellular radio systems, and
personal communication systems
An area is divided into many contiguous cells with an antenna in

each cell and all antennae controlled by a central computer.

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
REFERENCES
1) J. Schiller, “Mobile Communications”, Addison Wesley.
2) Charles Perkins, “Mobile IP”, Addison Wesley.
3) Charles Perkins, “Ad hoc Networks”, Addison Wesley.
4) Upadhyaya, “Mobile Computing”, Springer New York.

KUMAR
KUSHWAHA
KUMAR
KUSHWAHA

Unit1 Mobile Computing

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Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

Basics of Mobile Computing

DILEEP KUMAR KUSHWAHA

5/31/2020 DILEEP mkcs074(Mob. Comp.) UNIT 1 2

 Understanding the basic principles of mobile

An analysis of mobile communications with the interpretation of the

The basic principles of the modern mobile and

Understanding the operation of mobile communications systems and

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This course requires you have a general understanding

 You should also be able to do some basic programming, read

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Students should know some points before reading this topic:-

There is a rapidly growing interest in this field with companies

To impart fundamental concepts in the area of mobile computing, to

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historical buildings to avoid damage by installing wires, or at trade

shows to ensure fast network setup.

Mobile and wireless: This is the most interesting case. No cable

restricts the user, who can roam between different wireless

networks supporting them.

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• Nomadic Computing: - the computing environment is nomadic and

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Personal Travel Assistant,

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Pager PDA Laptop/Notebook

Mobile phones Palmtop

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A computing environment is defined as mobile if it supports one or

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Mobile computing will use different types of networks: fixed

1 Wireline Networks: designed over wire. It is called

2 Wireless Networks: mobile networks

3 Ad-hoc Networks: for this purpose only.

4Bearers: transport bearers: TCP/IP, http, protocols for dialup

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The reason to adopt mobile computing is not subject to rigorous

1. Improving customer services

2.Attracting and maintaining a high quality work force

3.Reducing cycle time and speeding decision making

4.Knowledge management and exchanging views

5.Provide real-time analysis

6.Provide uninterrupted services.

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Software Technica Network User interface

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 Higher loss-rates due to interference

 Lower security, simpler active attacking

 Always shared medium

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The origin of wireless telephony to cover the smartphones,

With the increased demand on the wireless

 Mobile computing concept

 Different function of cellular device

 Knowledge about Mobile device