VIBRATIONS UNDER GENERAL

FORCING CONDITIONS
GENERAL FORCING FUNCTIONS

• A forcing function or excitation

of short duration compared to
the natural time period of the
system is called a shock.
2 TYPES OF GENERAL
FORCING FUNCTIONS
• Non-periodic
• Periodic (Non
harmonic)
PERIODIC FORCE NON-PERIODIC FORCE

A one type of force effect that may A random kind of force that does
be used in a force feedback not necessarily repeats its path and
stimulus. designation.

With a regular cycle Lacking a regular cycle.

Repeats itslef at specific frequency. Does not repeat itself in fixed

intervals of time.

Examples: Example:
Water wave, pendulum swing Ocean Wave
WATER WAVE AND OCEAN WAVE
RESPONSE UNDER A GENERAL PERIODIC
FORCE
First-order systems
are those for which
the equation of
motion is a first-order
differential equation
Second-order
systems are those
for which the
equation of motion
is a second-order
differential equation
RESPONSE UNDER NON PERIODIC
FORCE
• It may be acting for a short, long, or infinite duration.
• Non-periodic forces include forces such as;

1.STEP FORCE – suddenly applied constant force

2.RAMP FORCE – linearly increasing force
3.Exponentially varying force
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• Laplace transform method for finding the response of a system
basically involves the following steps:
• 1. Write the equation of motion of the system.
• 2. Transform each term of the equation, using known initial
conditions.
• 3. Solve for the transformed response of the system.
4. Obtain the desired solution (response) by using inverse Laplace
transformation.
INITIAL VALUE OF THE
RESPONSE:
IF THE RESPONSE OR SOLUTION OF A
SYSTEM IS KNOWN IN TIME DOMAIN, Initial Value Theorem
THE INITIAL VALUE OF THE RESPONSE,
CAN BE DETERMINED BY SETTING IF
THE RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM IS GIVEN
IN LAPLACE DOMAIN, THE INITIAL
VALUE CAN BE FOUND AS FOLLOWS:
Steady-state value of the
response:
If the response of a system is known in
time domain, the steady-state value of
the response, can be determined by
Final Value Theorem
taking the limit as time approaches
infinity. If the response of the system is
given in the Laplace domain, the
steady-state value can be found by
taking the limit, as s approaches zero,
of s times the response in Laplace
domain:
NUMERICAL METHODS
• The determination of the response of a system subjected to
arbitrary forcing functions using numerical methods is called
numerical simulation. The analytical methods discussed so far
become tedious and sometimes even impossible to use in finding
the response of a system if the forcing function or excitation
cannot be described in simple analytical form, or if
experimentally determined force data (such as the ground
acceleration history measured during an earthquake) is to be
used