BASIC CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH (COSH) 2021
Basic Safety Concepts
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE – Is the control of
Hazards to acceptable limits. ( Pag-kontrol sa
panaganib sa abot ng makakaya)
 SAFETY – Freedom from accidents, freedom
from harm, injury and loss. (Kalayaan mula sa
pagka-aksidente, pinsala, pagkasugat at
pagkawala)
 Accidents – The result of contact of man with
a source of energy above the threshold limit
of the body or structure.
 An occurrence that interrupts the normal and
orderly progress of any activity.
 Result in physical harm, damage to property,
delay in operation.

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Causes of Accidents

 Unsafe Condition – Seen as a physical or chemical

property in the material. (Hindi tao)
 Unsafe Act – A violation of Safe Procedures. (Gawa
ng tao)
 Act of Omission- With existing procedures but did
not follow. (Hindi sumunod)
 Act of Commission – Knew the existing procedures
but did not follow. (Sinadya)
Hazard and Risk
 Hazard- The potential of an act or condition
that can lead to an accident.
 Risk- The chance of physical or personal loss
3 Steps to Control Hazards
and Accidents
 Identify the HAZARD thru;
 Inspection – Before the accident occurs
 Investigation – After the accident occurs

 Evaluate the HAZARD thru;

 Safety Standards (OSHS)

 Correct the HAZARD thru;

 Engineering control
 Administrative control
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Engineering control – Eliminate or reduce the hazards through;
 Initial design specifications
 Substitution
 Isolation
 Ventilation
 Change the process

 Administrative control – Control of employees exposure

 Scheduled reduced work hours
 Increased brakes
 SOP’s
 Isolation (Time)
 Medical Exams
 Workplace monitoring
 Personal Protective Equipment – Use of a
protective barrier to protect the worker from
the hazard.
Occupational Health Hazards
Objectives
To describe the different Hazards and explain
their effect on workers.
Occupational Health – It is the promotion &
maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental & social well-being of workers in all
occupations.

Ref: ILO 1950 ( International Labor Organization)

Types of Hazards
1. PHYSICAL HAZARD – Occupational hazard
that involves environmental Hazards that can
cause harm with or without contact.
 Noise – harmful sounds which has 3
characteristics (of sound)
> Frequency – measured in hertz cycle/sec.
> Loudness – Intensity of the sound, (dB)
> Duration – Continuous, intermittent, burst.
PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURE ( OSHA 1981)
Duration (Hrs) Sound level (dB)
8 90 (SAFE)
4 93
2 96
1 99
0.5 102
0.25 or less 105

Normal Noise should be 90 dB only

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
> Acoustic Trauma (Explosion, Gunshot)
Deafness.
> Poor Communication.
> Increase in blood pressure and stress

CONTROL OF NOISE
> Engineering Control
- Purchase new equipment
- Preventive maintenance
- Isolation/damping
> Administrative Control
- Job rotations/Increased breaks
> PPE
- Ear Plugs/ Ear muffs
 Heat Stress – when the body’s temperature
goes higher than 37.5°C ± 0.5 °C.

HEAT EXPOSURE
> High Temperature – Heat of the Sun
> High Humidity – Gas, Oil, Fire, Engine Heat
> Poor Ventilation
> Multiple heat sources
THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISM
> Heat is first removed from the organs
producing it (metabolic heat) to the skin by
the circulating blood to maintain a body
temperature of 37.5°C ± 0.5 °C.
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEAT
> Prickly heat – Immature Sweat Glands
> Heat Fatigue – Bad Mood (Water loss)
> Heat Cramps – Muscle Spasm (H2O+Salt)
> Heat Exhaustion – Fatigue, Dehydration,
Nausea, Vomiting, Diaphoresis
(Water+Salt+Electrolytes)
> Heat Stroke – Overheating, Seizure, Coma
(Failure of the Thermoregulatory System)
CONTROL OF HEAT PROBLEMS
> Engineering
- Ventilation, Water Sources
> Administrative
- Job Rotations, breaks away
> PPE
- Cotton clothes, multiple changes
 Vibration – Continuous low frequency
oscillation that is more likely felt than heard,
it affects the body through direct contact.
EXPOSURE SETTINGS
> Hand held grinding tools, Jack Hammer,
Chainsaw, Heavy Equipments,
Transportations.
HEALTH EFFECTS
> Inflammation of wrist, elbow, shoulder.
> Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
>Tenosynivitis (pain in affected joints)
>Fatigue
PREVENTION and TREATMENT
> Tool redesign, Maintenance of
Equipments/Tools, Gloves and Dampers.
 Illumination – Visibility of a workplace as a
result of light, the source is either natural or
artificial. It is measured by Lumens or Lux.
> Importance of Illumination – It is important
that we see what we are doing.

OSHA Standards
Activity Illumination (Lux)
Active Storage 50 (Cabinet)
Production Line 300 (Mfg)
Clerical Work 500 (Encoding)
Fine Movement Work 1000 (Inspection)
OTHER HAZARDOUS SOURCES OF ILLUMINATION
> Strobe lights, Halogen bulbs, Blue light, UV
radiation
ACUTE EFFECTS
> Eye strain, Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary
eyes
OTHER HAZARDOUS SOURCES OF ILLUMINATION
> Strobe lights, Halogen bulbs, Blue light, UV
radiation
ACUTE EFFECTS
> Eye strain, Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary
eyes
2. CHEMICAL HAZARD – Chemicals are very
important in daily operations, including the
life of the person. They exist as SOLID,
LIQUID and GAS.
EXPOURE SETTINGS
> Oil and Fuel, Dust, Silica and Asbestos,
Solvents, Metal Welding Fumes, Acids and
Alkalis, Lead (Organic & Organic)
ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO THE BODY
> Skin Absorption - Important “accidental” route
of entry. Health effects of chemicals on skin.
- Skin acts as a protective barrier
- Local Irritation
- Generalized reaction (Sensitization or
allergic reaction)
- Absorption and vascular dissemination
- Increase absorption with the increased
temperature and perspiration
> Ingestion
- Not widespread in the industry
- Accidental swallowing from eating in
contaminated area.
- Smoking on the job with contaminated
fingers and hands
- Ingestion of inhaled materials
> Inhalation – Most important route of industrial
chemical exposure
- Concentration in the Air
- Duration of Exposure
- Amount of Inhaled Air
> Injection – When the chemicals penetrates the
skin, going directly into the underlying tissue
EYE CONTAMINATION
Chemicals enter the blood vessels thru the tears
that drain from the eye
> Organs system of the body that are affected
- Skin, Lungs, Brain, Kidney, Liver, Blood, Heart
> General health effects
- Disorientation, Euphoria, Light Lungs
Heart
headedness, Confusion, Uncon- Kidneys
Liver
sciousness, Headache, Nausea,
Vomiting, Paralysis, Convulsion and
Death.
3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARD – are the cause of
infectious disease that can originate from
people, animals and plants.
2 CHARACTERISTICS
(1) Can reproduce
(2) are living micro-organisms
THEY ARE
> Tubercolosis, AIDS, Hepatitis A, B, C, E, Chicken
pox, URTI, Sore eyes, Sexually Transmitted
disease
4. ERGONOMIC HAZARD – a technique that bring
together several disciplines to solve problems
arising from work and the working
environment. It causes pain and fatigue from
various sources. It leads to low productivity and
output. (Mental and Physical performance)

COMPONENTS JOB

MAN

WORK
TOOL
STATION
COMPONENTS
> JOB – The task needed to achieve a result, governed
by guidelines, designed to prevent muscle
overload, it requires learning, training and skill.
> WORKSTATION – Place of deployment, where
duties are carried out, where equipment are
located, machines are the tools, 8 hrs are spent.
> TOOL – Integral part of the Man-machine system,
powerful, fast, tireless, enables man to accomplish
his job with reduced effort, an extension of man’s
body, increase man’s strength and versatility,
enables him to handle other less-structured
equipment, reduce the risk of associated hazards.
> MAN – An integral part of the Man-machine
system, intelligent, adaptive and versatile, the
basis of existence-SURVIVAL.
SIGNS OF ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
- Wearing of wristbands
- Shoulder turning
- Arm stretching
- Absenteeism, increase in clinic visit
- Intake of pain-relief medication
RISK FACTORS OF THE JOB/TASK
1. Position
- Follow the ergos-nomos position (natural posture of the
body)
- Less fatigue, less strain on tendons and ligaments
- Wrists straight(180 deg. Angle), shoulders relaxed
- Back and neck as close to their natural alignment as possible
- Elbows near the side, bent at a 90 deg. Angle to reach the
work
2. Force
- Decrease the use of force
- Use equipment that will reduce the force
- Use tools that will do work for you
3. Frequency
- Repetitive action of the same muscles – it tires the body and
produces pain
- It is more difficult to control the frequency than position and
force
- Therefore, it is more important to make it possible for
employees to work in the best position they can to reduce
the force.
CONTROL METHODS
- Engineering and Administrative Control
- PPE can not be used to address ergonomic hazard
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