Anatomy and Physiology - 1 For Students

• BSN 1 Section 9 & 10
• 1st AY 2021-2022
• BUNA B. RACAL
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
REFERENCES:
Marieb, E., Keller, S., (2019), Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology, 12th Edition, Pearson
Tortora, Gerard and Derrickson, B.,(2009) Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology. 12th Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Rizzo, D. (2016) Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 6 th
Edition, Pearson
 library@pcc.edu.ph
CHAPTER 1 – OBJECTIVES
1. Define the anatomic terms used to refer to the body in
terms of direction and geometric planes
2. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related
3. Discuss the level of structural organization
ANATOMY
 is the science of body
structures and the
relationships among
them.
Greek tomy – cut
ana – apart
MAJOR TYPE OF
ANATOMY
GROSS (MACROSCOPIC)
 anatomy is the study of
anatomical structures that can
be seen by the naked eye,
 external and internal bodily
organs.
GROSS ANATOMY
1. Systemic Anatomy
 is the study of the structures
that make up a discrete body
system—that is, a group of
structures that work together to
perform a unique body
function.
https://www.blendspace.com/lessons/w5Xnm1qwRPcPSg/anatomical-term
GROSS ANATOMY
2. Regional Anatomy
 is the study of the
interrelationships of all of the
structures in a specific body
region,
 abdomen
https://www.scientistcindy.com/anatomical-regions.html
GROSS ANATOMY
3. Surface Anatomy
 (or superficial anatomy)
is the study of external
anatomical features
without dissection
MICROSPCOPIC ANATOMY
 is the study of tiny anatomical
structures such as tissues and
cells.
Cytology
 the study of the structure and
function of cells
Histology
 the study of the organization and
details of biological tissues
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FUS%2Fen%2Fapplications%2Fclinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing
%2Fhistology&psig=AOvVaw0sgqMQOWPnid8h0D5bpx3W&ust=1629691063250000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAcQjRxqFwoTCIDrzuXew_ICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAKhttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/PH/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology
Physiology
 Is the study of how the
body or its part work or
function, include physical
and Chemical process
and mechanism involve
Physio – nature
Ology – study
Physiology
Neurophysiology
 Functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control
body function
Cardiovascular
 physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
 How the body defends itself against disease causing agent
Pathophysiology
 Functional changes associated with disease and aging
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
 the smallest units of matter that
participate in chemical reactions
atoms, such as carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen
(N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca),
and sulfur (S), are
1. Chemical Level
b. Molecules
 two or more atoms joined together.
essential for maintaining life.
Two familiar molecules found in the body
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic
material passed from one generation to
the next,
glucose, https://www.shutterstock.com/search/glucose+molecule, https://www.quora.com/How-big-is-a-strand-of-DNA-How-many-atoms-wide-is-that-
How-long-is-it
2. Cellular Level
cells
 Molecules combine to form
 the basic structural and
functional units of an organism.
 the smallest living units in the
human body.
 muscle cells, nerve https://www.shutterstock.com/search/smooth+musclehttps://www.microscopemaster.com/nerve-cells.html
3. TISSUE LEVEL
Tissues
are groups of cells
four basic types of tissue
a. epithelial tissue,
b. connective tissue,
c. muscular tissue, and https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+tissue+in+the+body&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi8tOWAosPyAhVuGTQIHQOCCiIQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=types+of+tissue&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABC
d. nervous tissue.
ABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDoECAAQQzoICAAQgAQQsQM6CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBUISzFliF2xZgnoEXaABwAHgAgAGVBIgBkCeSAQkyLT
guMy4zLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=2IshYbzoAu6y0PEPg4SqkAI&bih=654&biw=1366&client=firefox-b-
d&hl=en
4. ORGAN LEVEL
Organ
are structures that are composed of two or
more different types of tissues;
 specific functions and recognizable shapes.
Examples of organs are the stomach, skin,
bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/different-type-human-body-organs-vector-9716404
5. System level
system
 consists of related organs with a
common function.
 organ-system
level, is the digestive system,
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology2/chapter/integration-of-systems/
6. Organismal level
organism,
All the parts of the human
body functioning together
constitute the total organism
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology2/chapter/integration-of-systems/
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
1. Metabolism
 is the sum of all the chemical
processes that occur in the body.
phase of metabolism
catabolism
 the breakdown of complex chemical
substances into simpler components.
anabolism
 the building up of complex chemical
substances from smaller, simpler
components.
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES 1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
 body’s ability to detect and respond to
changes.
For example,
 a decrease in body temperature represents a
change in the internal environment (within
the body),
 turning your head toward the sound of
squealing brakes is a response to change in
the external environment
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cellular-responses-to-signals.html
3. Movement
 includes motion of the whole
body, individual organs, single
cells, and even tiny structures
inside cells.
For example,
 the coordinated action of leg
muscles moves your
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-and-why-cells-move-373377
4. Growth
 increase in body size that results from
an increase in the size of existing cells,
an increase in the number of cells, or
both.
 In addition, a tissue sometimes
increases in size because the amount of
material between cells increases.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth
5. Differentiation
 is the development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state.
 each type of cell in the body has a specialized
structure and function that differs from that of
its precursor (ancestor) cells.
6. Reproduction
 refers either to the formation
of new cells for tissue
growth, repair, or
replacement, or to the
production of a new
individual.
https://quizlet.com/337507285/unit-3-cellular-reproduction-diagram/
HOMEOSTASIS
 homeo- sameness;
 stasis standing still)
 is the condition of
equilibrium in the body’s
internal environment due to
the constant interaction of
the body’s many regulatory
processes.
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/homeostasis
HOMEOSTASIS
Feedback Systems or feedback

loop
 A feedback system is a cycle
of events in which the status
of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated,
changed, re-monitored,
reevaluated
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/
10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.7%3A_Homeostasis_and_Feedback
3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK SYSTEM
1. Receptor
 is a body structure that
monitors changes in a
controlled condition and sends
input to a control center.
 Typically, the input is in the
form of nerve impulses or
chemical signals.
https://biologydictionary.net/receptor/
2. control center in the body,
 the brain, sets the range of values within
which a controlled condition should be
maintained, evaluates the input it receives
from receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed.
 Output from the control center typically
occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or
other chemical signals.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/3-2-our-brains-control-our-thoughts-feelings-and-behavior/
3. effector
 is a body structure that receives output
from the control center and produces a
response or effect that change the
controlled condition.
 Nearly every organ or tissue in the
body can behave as an effector.
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Course_(Liachovitzky)/
01%3A_Levels_of_Organization_of_the_Human_Organism/1.03%3A_Homeostasis_and_Control_Systems
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Negative feedback
 system reverses a change
in a controlled condition.
 Consider the regulation of
blood pressure.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-bio1-1/chapter/homeostasis/
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Positive feedback system

 tends to strengthen or
reinforce a change in one of
the body’s controlled
conditions.
%3A_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Course_(Liachovitzky)/01%3A_Levels_of_Organization_of_the_Human_Organism/
. Terminology and the Body Plane
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior (cephalic or cranial)
 Toward the head, or the upper part of
a structure.
 The heart is superior to the liver.
Inferior (caudal)
 Away from the head, or the lower
part of a structure.
 The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/anatomical-terminology/terms-of-location/
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Anterior (ventral)*
 Nearer to or at the front of the body.
 The sternum (breastbone) is anterior
to the heart
Posterior (dorsal)
 Nearer to or at the back of the body.
 The esophagus is posterior to the
trachea (windpipe).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Medial
 Nearer to the midline.
 The ulna is medial to the radius.
Lateral
 Farther from the midline.
 The lungs are lateral to the heart.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Proximal
 Nearer to the attachment of a limb to
the trunk; nearer to the origination of a
structure.
 The humerus is proximal to the radius.
Distal
 Farther from the attachment of a limb
to the trunk; farther from the
origination of a structure
 The phalanges are distal to the carpals.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superficial external)
 Toward or on the surface of the body.
 The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Deep (internal)
 Away from the surface of the body.
 The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest
and back.
PLANES
 imaginary flat surfaces
that pass through the
body parts
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Anatomy_and_Physiology/
1.4%3A_Mapping_the_Body/1.4D%3A_Body_Planes_and _Sections
PLANES
sagittal plane
 is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into
right and left sides
midsagittal plane or a median plane.
 plane passes through the midline of the body or an
organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane
 If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline
but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal
right and left sides,
https://www.registerednursern.com/body-planes-sections/
PLANES
frontal or coronal plane
 divides the body or an organ into
anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
transverse plane cross-sectional or
horizontal plane.
 divides the body or an organ into
superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&bih=654&biw=1366&tbm=isch&oq=&aqs=&q=tranverse+plne
BODY REGIONS
Head and neck
Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Cranial (skull)
Frontal (forehead)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital (base of skull)
Oral (mouth)
Orbital/ocular (eyes)
BODY REGIONS
Thorax
Axillary (armpit)
Costal (ribs)
Deltoid (shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Pectoral (chest)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Sternal (breastbone)
Vertebral (backbone)
BODY REGIONS
Abdomen
Abdominal (abdomen)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Inguinal (bend of hip)
Lumbar (lower back)
Pelvic (area between hipbones)
Perineal (area between anus and
external genitalia)
Pubic (genitals)
Sacral (end of vertebral column) https://www.google.com/search?q=different+regions+of+the+body&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNz-
Ck1cTyAhXZJDQIHWvpAfoQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=BfieieUe_ZeC-M
BODY REGIONS
Abdomen
Abdominal (abdomen)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Inguinal (bend of hip)
Lumbar (lower back)
Pelvic (area between
hipbones)
Perineal (area between anus
and external genitalia)
Pubic (genitals)
Sacral (end of vertebral
column)
BODY REGIONS
Upper extremity
Antebrachial (forearm)
Antecubital (inner elbow)
Brachial (upper arm)
Carpal (wrist)
Cubital (elbow)
Digital (fingers/toes)
Manual (hand)
Palmar (palm)
BODY REGIONS
Lower extremity
Crural (shin, front of lower leg)

Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (front of knee)
Pedal (foot)
Plantar (arch of foot)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf, back of lower leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
BODY CAVITY
 are spaces within the body that help
protect, separate, and support
internal organs.
BODY CAVITY
Abdominoplevic cavity:
 The ventral body chamber that contains the
abdominal cavity (primarily digestive system)
and the pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive
system).
dorsal cavity:
 The cavity in the back of the body that contains
the cranial and vertebral cavities, which house
the brain and spinal cord respectively.
Thoracic Cavity:
 The ventral body chamber that contains the
pericardial cavity (the heart) and the pleural
cavity (the lungs).
BODY CAVITY
Serous membranes
 are membranes lining
closed internal body
cavities.
 pleura,
 pericardium and
 peritoneum
 serous membranes that line
respectively the pleural,
pericardial and peritoneal
cavities https://www.google.com/search?q=serous+membrane&sa=X&bih=654&biw=1366&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=YCOjt6l6dv8dEM
%252C0xmF4g_cLPd00M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSAjpI9marc3aFIgNuSU-
mImuckVA&ved=2ahUKEwiV0qm228TyAhUkJDQIHSD4CcIQ_h16BAgZEAE#imgrc=Z3h87r8HMSWUtM
.
 Will be discuss under Biochemistry

 CELL
 C. The Chemistry of Life
 1. Basic Chemistry
 2. Chemical Reactions
 3. Acid-Base Balance
 4. Water
 5. Organic Molecules

TISSUE
 Similar cells with a
common function are
called tissues.
 The study of tissues
is called histology
TYPES
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
Basic types of. tissues
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces and
lines hollow organs, body
cavities, and ducts. It also
forms glands
consists of cells arranged in
continuous sheets, in either
single or multiple layers.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
a. Covering and lining epithelium
 forms the outer covering of the skin
and some internal organs.
 forms the inner lining of blood
vessels, ducts, and body cavities,
and the interior of the respiratory,
digestive, urinary, and reproductive
systems.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
– Classification
a.1. Arrangement of cells in
layers.
Simple epithelium
 is a single layer of cells that
functions in diffusion, osmosis,
filtration, secretion, or
absorption.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
a. Covering and lining epithelium –
Classification
layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium
 appears to have multiple layers
of cells because the cell nuclei
lie at different levels and not all
cells reach the apical surface.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
Classification
layers.
Stratified epithelium
 consists of two or more layers of
cells that protect underlying tissues
in locations where there is
considerable wear and tear.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
– Classification
a.2. Cell shapes
Squamous cells
 are arranged like floor tiles and
are thin, which allows for the
rapid passage of substances.
Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue
– Classification
a.2. Cell shapes
Cuboidal cells
 tall as they are wide and are
shaped like cubes or hexagons.
 have microvilli at their apical
surface and function in either
secretion or absorption.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
Classification
a.2. Cell shapes
Columnar cells
 much taller than they are wide, like
columns, and protect underlying
tissues
 Their apical surfaces may have
cilia or microvilli, and they often
are specialized for secretion and
absorption.
Types of Tissues
1.Epithelial tissue
– Classification
a.2. Cell shapes
Transitional cells
 change shape, from flat to
cuboidal and back, as organs
such as the urinary bladder
stretch(distend) to a larger size
and then collapse to a smaller
size.
Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue
a. Covering and lining epithelium – Classification II. Stratified epithelium
Combining the two characteristics (the types of A. Stratified squamous
covering and lining epithelia are as follows: epithelium (keratinized and
I. Simple epithelium nonkeratinized)*
A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Stratified cuboidal
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium epithelium*
C. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and C. Stratified columnar
ciliated) epithelium*
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium D. Transitional epithelium
(nonciliated and ciliated)
Types of Tissues
2. Glandular epithelium
 makes up the secreting
portion of glands such as the
thyroid gland, adrenal
glands, and sweat glands.
 All glands of the body are
either endocrine or exocrine.
Tortora, Gerard and Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 12 th Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2009
Types of Tissues
exocrine glands:
I. Simple glands
A.Simple tubular. Tubular secretory part is straight and attaches to a

single unbranched duct. Example: glands in the large intestine.
B.Simple branched tubular. Tubular secretory part is branched and
attaches to a single unbranched duct. Example: gastric glands.
C.Simple coiled tubular. Tubular secretory part is coiled and attaches
to a single unbranched duct. Example: sweat glands.
Types of Tissues
exocrine glands:
. Simple glands
I
A.Simple acinar. Secretory portion is rounded and

attaches to a single unbranched duct. Example: glands
of the penile urethra.
B.Simple branched acinar. Rounded secretory part is
branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct.
Example: sebaceous glands.
Types of Tissues
II. Compound glands
A. Compound tubular. Secretory portion is tubular and attaches
to a branched duct. Example: bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
glands.
B. Compound acinar. Secretory portion is rounded and attaches
to a branched duct. Example: mammary glands.
C. Compound tubuloacinar. Secretory portion is both tubular and
rounded and attaches to a branched duct.
Example: acinar glands of the pancreas.
Types of Tissues
Tissues
2. Connective tissue
 protects and supports the body
and its organs.
 Some bind organs together,
store energy reserves as fat, and
help provide immunity to
disease-causing organisms.
Tissues
3. Muscular tissue generates the physical force needed
to
make body structures move and generates body heat.
4. Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of
conditions
inside and outside the body and responds by generating
action
potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular
contractions
and glandular secretions.

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• BSN 1 Section 9 & 10

Feedback Systems or feedback

Positive feedback system

Crural (shin, front of lower leg)

 Will be discuss under Biochemistry

A.Simple tubular. Tubular secretory part is straight and attaches to a

A.Simple acinar. Secretory portion is rounded and

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