Non Nursing Theories

SY 2021-2022
Erick Erickson: Psychosocial Development
Theory
born in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1902. ...
After meeting Anna Freud while working in
Vienna, Erikson decided to pursue the
field of psychoanalysis. He studied child
development at the Vienna Psychoanalytic
Institute through the Montessori method,
which focused on psychosexual and
developmental stages.
 Importance of Developmental Theory
• The key idea in Erikson's theory is that the individual faces a conflict at
each stage, which may or may not be successfully resolved within that
stage. For example, he called the first stage 'Trust vs Mistrust'. If the quality
of care is good in infancy, the child learns to trust the world to meet her needs.
• Developmental theories are also important in helping nurses assess and treat
a person's response to an illness. ... Understanding the specific task or need
of each developmental stage guides caregivers in planning appropriate
individualized care for patients.
 Analysis
• Critics of Erikson's theory say that his theory is more applicable to boys
than to girls, and that more attention is paid to infancy and childhood than
to adult life, despite the claim to be a life-span theory. However, many
have found Erikson's theory offers a useful framework for analyzing
developmental histories.
• Many questions have been raised referring to Erikson's belief of identity
formation. 
Abraham Maslow: 1908-1970
born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New
York, where he grew up the first of seven
children born to his Jewish parents who
emigrated from Russia. Maslow later
described his early childhood as unhappy
and lonely. He spent much of his time in
the library immersed in books.
•  His parents were first-generation Jewish immigrants from Kiev (Ukraine).
• New York City and in a multiethnic, working-class neighborhood; acts of
racism and ethnic prejudice
• rarely got along with his mother, and eventually developed a strong
revulsion towards her. He is quoted as saying, "What I had reacted to was
not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her
stinginess, her total selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in the
world  – even her own husband and children  – her narcissism.
 Contributions (Humanistic Psychology)
He was mainly influenced by:
• Professor Hulsey Cason
• Alfred Adler

• He gave future psychologists a push by bringing to light different paths to ponder. [22] He
built the framework that later allowed other psychologists to conduct more comprehensive
studies. Maslow believed that leadership should be non-intervening.
• He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to
treating them as a "bag of symptoms”.
Moral Development Theory: Lawrence
Kohlberg
• born in Bronxville, New
York on October 25, 1927.
Kohlberg enrolled in the
University of Chicago, and
with high examination
scores, he was excused from
many required courses and
received his bachelor’s
degree in just one year.
• Kohlberg's approach begins with the assumption that humans are
intrinsically motivated to explore, and become competent at functioning in
their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role
models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.
• Kohlberg's theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for 
ethical behavior
 Critiques
• Carol Gilligan, a fellow researcher of Kohlberg’s .
Empathy-based ethic with a different, but not lower structure than that
Kohlberg had described.
care moral orientation that is distinct from a justice moral orientation,
 The Heinz dilemma 
• A woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was
a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive
to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200
for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz,
went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which
is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper
or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money
from it.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's laboratory to steal the drug for his wife.
• QUESTION:
• Should Heinz have broken into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why not?
# Level Stage Heinz should steal the drug, because Heinz should not steal the drug, because

It is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist

He will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is
Obedience wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was
a bad person.
Pre- not stealing anything else.
1
Conventional
He will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he has Prison is an awful place, and he would more likely languish
Self-interest
to serve a prison sentence. in a jail cell than over his wife's death.

Stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he has tried to do

Conformity His wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband. everything he can without breaking the law, you cannot
blame him.

2 Conventional
His wife will benefit, but he should also take the prescribed
punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist
Law-and-order what he is owed. The law prohibits stealing.
Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the
law; actions have consequences.

Social contract The scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his
Everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law.
orientation wife is sick, it does not make his actions right.
Post-
3
Conventional
Universal Saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the Others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives
human ethics property rights of another person. are equally significant.
Jean Piaget's (1936) theory of cognitive
development 

(born August 9, 1896,
Neuchâtel, Switzerland—
died September 16, 1980,
Geneva), Swiss
psychologist who was the
first to make a systematic
study of the acquisition of
understanding in children
 TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
Eric Berne 'parent adult child' 
• Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people.
• Basically, transactional analysis is about identifying which ego states are
present in your transactions so that you can become more conscious of
your thoughts and behaviors, and ultimately have better, more
constructive transactions with the people closest to you.
Interpersona
l Theory:
Harry
Sullivan
What were the 3 types of self in Sullivan's interpersonal theory?

• The Interpersonal Theory explains three types of self: 

• the good me,
• bad me, and
• not me. The “good me” versus the “bad me” based on social appraisal and
the anxiety that results from negative feedback.
 Self‐concept
• This is entirely interpersonal in origin and is gradually elaborated out of the
reflected appraisals of other persons (“Johnny is so good ‐looking,” “Helen is
so clumsy” and so on.)

• Threats to self, to one's self‐esteem and respect, are experienced as “anxiety.”

Anxiety, in turn, produces defensive maneuvers to relieve anxiety and to
protect the self. The Sullivanian theory of personality development can be
described as a theory of the evolution of the self and its defensive maneuvers.
Common Defense
Mechanisms
 LEWIN’S CHANGE THEORY
• Kurt Lewin was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the
modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the
United States. 
• Research Center for Group Dynamicsat the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
• He devoted the last years of his life to research on group dynamics,
believing that groups alter the individual behaviour of their constituents. 

• On the basis of research examining the effects of democratic, autocratic,

and laissez-faire methods of leadership on groups of children, Lewin
claimed that small groups operated most successfully when they were
conducted in a democratic manner.
 The 3 Stages of Change in Lewin’s Model
. 

• To substantiate his Force Field Theory, Lewin suggested a straightforward

3-step change model which aids employees’ ability to adapt to change.
KURT LEWIN
 Stage 1 - Unfreeze

• Conduct a needs analysis by surveying your organization to understand

the current loopholes in the business processes
• Create a strategic change vision and change strategy
• Communicate in a compelling way about why change has to occur
• Address employee concerns with honesty and transparency
 Stage 2 - Change

• Ensure a continuous flow of information to obtain the support of your

team members
• Organize change management workshops and sessions for 
change management exercises
• Empower employees to deal with the change proactively
 Stage 3 - Refreeze
Employees move away from the transition phase towards stabilization or acceptance in the final’
refreezing’ stage. 

• Identify and reward early adopters and change champions

• Collect employee feedback regularly
• Offer on-demand employee training and support