Electric Power Transmission 4

Electric Power Transmission
Abdullahi Mohamed Isak

M.Sc. In Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Necmettin Erbakan University (NEÜ)
B.Sc. In Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering major in Power

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)
Email: engabdalla2018@gmail.com | Abdullahi.mohamed9@just.edu.so

Electric power Transmission - Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
Transmission Line Parameters
Introduction
• The power transmission line is one of the major components of an electric power
system.
• Its major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal losses, from the
power sources to the load centers, usually separated by long distances.
• The performance of transmission line depends on the parameters of the line.
• The transmission line has mainly the following parameters:
• Resistance: It is due to the property of conductor that it opposes the flow of
current.
• Inductance: Due to magnetic field around the conductor.
• Capacitance: Due to electrostatic field around the conductor.
• Conductance: is due to leakage currents flowing across insulators and air and
very small.

Introduction
• As leakage current is considerably small compared to nominal current, it is
usually neglected, and therefore, shunt conductance is normally not considered for
the transmission line modeling.
• These parameters are symbolized as R, L, C and G respectively.
• These parameters determine whether the efficiency and voltage regulation of the
line will be good or poor.

Equivalent Circuit
• The line parameters are used to model the transmission line and to perform design
calculations.
• The arrangement of the parameters (equivalent circuit model) representing the line
depends upon the length of the line.
• A transmission line is defined as a short-length line if its length is less than 80 km
(50 miles).
• In this case, the shunt capacitance effect is negligible and only the resistance and
inductive reactance are considered.
• Assuming balanced conditions, the line can be represented by the equivalent
circuit of a single phase with resistance R, and inductive reactance X in series
(series impedance), as shown in Fig below.

Equivalent Circuit

Equivalent Circuit
If the transmission line has a length between 80 km (50 miles) and 240
km (150 miles), the line is considered a medium-length line and its
single-phase equivalent circuit can be represented in a nominal circuit
configuration.

Equivalent Circuit
• Both short- and medium-length transmission lines use approximated lumped-
parameter models. However, if the line is larger than 240 km, the model must
consider parameters uniformly distributed along the line.
• The calculation of the three basic transmission line parameters is presented in the
following sections.

Resistance of transmission line
• The AC resistance of a conductor in a transmission line is based on the calculation
of its DC resistance.
• If DC current is flowing along a round cylindrical conductor, the current is
uniformly distributed over its cross-section area and its DC resistance is evaluated
by:

• If AC current is flowing, rather than DC current, the conductor effective resistance
is higher due to frequency or skin effect.
• The frequency of the AC voltage produces a skin effect on the conductor
resistance due to the nonuniform distribution of the current. This phenomenon is
known as skin effect.
• As frequency increases, the current tends to go toward the surface of the
conductor and the current density decreases at the center.
• Skin effect reduces the effective cross-section area used by the current, and thus,
the effective resistance increases.

• Other variations in resistance are caused by
• Temperature
• Spiraling of stranded conductors
• Bundle conductors arrangement
Temperature Effect
• The resistivity of any conductive material varies linearly over an operating
temperature.
• As temperature rises, the conductor resistance increases linearly, over normal
operating temperatures, according to the following equation:

Temperature Effect
• Resistivity () and temperature coefficient (T) constants depend upon the particular
conductor material. Table below lists resistivity and temperature coefficients of
some typical conductor materials


Spiraling and Bundle Conductor Effect
• There are two types of transmission line conductors: overhead and underground.
Overhead conductors, made of naked metal and suspended on insulators, are
preferred over underground conductors because of the lower cost and easy
maintenance.
• Also, overhead transmission lines use aluminum conductors, because of the lower
cost and lighter weight compared to copper conductors, although more cross-
section area is needed to conduct the same amount of current.
• There are different types of commercially available aluminum conductors:
• aluminum-conductor-steel-reinforced (ACSR),
• aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced (ACAR),
• all-aluminum-conductor (AAC), and
• all-aluminum alloy-conductor (AAAC).

• ACSR is one of the most used conductors in transmission lines. It consists of
alternate layers of stranded conductors, spiraled in opposite directions to hold the
strands together, surrounding a core of steel strands. The figure below shows an
example of aluminum and steel strands combination.
Stranded aluminum conductor with stranded steel core (ACSR).

• The purpose of introducing a steel core inside the stranded aluminum conductors
is to obtain a high strength-to-weight ratio.
• A stranded conductor offers more flexibility and easier to manufacture than a solid
large conductor.
• However, the total resistance is increased because the outside strands are larger
than the inside strands on account of the spiraling.
• In high-voltage transmission lines, there may be more than one conductor per
phase (bundle configuration) to increase the current capability and to reduce
corona effect discharge. Corona effect occurs when the surface potential gradient
of a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the surrounding air (30 kV/cm
during fair weather), producing ionization in the area close to the conductor.

• with consequent corona losses, audible noise, and radio interference.
• As corona effect is a function of conductor diameter, line configuration, and
conductor surface condition, then meteorological conditions play a key role in its
evaluation. Corona losses under rain or snow, for instance, are much higher than
in dry weather.
• Corona, however, can be reduced by increasing the total conductor surface.
• By increasing the number of conductors per phase, the total cross-section area
increases, the current capacity increases, and the total AC resistance decreases
proportionally to the number of conductors per bundle.

• Conductor bundles may be applied to any voltage but are always used at 345 kV
and above to limit corona. To maintain the distance between bundle conductors
along the line, spacers made of steel or aluminum bars are used.
• Two-, three-, and four-cable bundles are common:

• EXAMPLE 1: Stranded conductor:
• Table 1 lists a 4/0 copper conductor with 12 strands. Strand diameter is 0.3373 cm.
• For this conductor:
• a. Verify the total copper cross-sectional area of 107.2 mm2
• b. Verify the dc resistance at 50 C of 0.1876 W/km Assume a 2% increase in resistance due to
spiraling.


• EXAMPLE 2
• Calculate the dc resistance in ohms per kilometer for an aluminum conductor with a 3 cm diameter.
• The resistance per meter of aluminum conductor is given by Equation
• , where x

• Inductance and Inductive Reactance
• A current-carrying conductor produces concentric magnetic flux lines around the
conductor.
• If the current varies with the time, the magnetic flux changes and a voltage is
induced.
• Therefore, an inductance is present, defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux
linkage and the current.
• The magnetic flux produced by the current in transmission line conductors
produces a total inductance whose magnitude depends on the line configuration.
• To determine the inductance of the line, it is necessary to calculate, as in any
magnetic circuit with permeability , the following factors:
• 1. Magnetic field intensity H
• 2. Magnetic field density B
• 3. Flux linkage

• The inductance of a magnetic circuit that has a constant permeability can be
obtained by determining the following:
• Magnetic field intensity H, from Ampere’s law,
• Magnetic flux density B ()

• where = 4x H/m for a nonmagnetic material) and is relative permeability.
• Flux linkages
• Inductance from flux linkages per ampere ( )

• There are two flux linkages:
• (i) due to internal flux, and
• (ii) due to external flux.
• The determination of flux linkages is importance in order to find the inductance of the
transmission line.
• There are two important cases of flux linkages
• Flux linkages due to a single current conductor
• Flux linkages in parallel current carrying conductors

• Inductance of a single phase two line wire
• Radius of conductor A and B are r1 and r2 respectively
Let say the total inductance of conductor A
We note that the following arithmetic

• Inductance of a single phase two line wire
Simplifies to
Or
Where is applicable only

r1’=r1e(-0.25) = r10.7788 to solid round
conductor
Similarly the inductance of conductor B is

The total impedance for the circuit is L= LA+LB
THIS IS
If r1=r2=r, then SOMETIMES IS
KNOWN AS “LOOP
INDUCTANCE”
R’ is geometric mean radius (GMR) of the wire

 Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line
 Consider three conductors A,B and C of a 3-phase line carrying
Ia,Ib and Ic respectively
 Let d1,d2 and d3 be the spacing between the conductors.

Symmetrical spacing Unsymmetrical spacing

 Symmetrical spacing
 If the conductors A, B and C are placed symmetrically at the
corners of an equilateral triangle of side d, then d1=d2=d3=d.
 The inductance of conductor A,
H/m
 r’A is the radius of conductor rA x 0.7788

 The expressions for inductance are the same for conductors B
and C.

 Unsymmetrical spacing
 When 3-phase line conductors are not equidistant from each
other.
 The flux linkages and inductance of each phase are not the
same.
 This result in unequal voltage drops in the 3 phase. ( Voltage at
the receiving end will not the same for all phases).
 To solve that problem, the transposition method is used.

Transposition- interchange the position of every other conductor over
an equal distance.

Inductance of conductor A is
H/m
Similarly inductance of conductors B and C will be

H/m
H/m

Inductance of each line conductor


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Electric Power Transmission

Abdullahi Mohamed Isak

B.Sc. In Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering major in Power

Email: engabdalla2018@gmail.com | Abdullahi.mohamed9@just.edu.so

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Stranded aluminum conductor with stranded steel core (ACSR).

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• Two-, three-, and four-cable bundles are common:

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• Magnetic flux density B ()

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Let say the total inductance of conductor A

We note that the following arithmetic

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Where is applicable only

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

R’ is geometric mean radius (GMR) of the wire

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Symmetrical spacing Unsymmetrical spacing

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

 r’A is the radius of conductor rA x 0.7788

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Similarly inductance of conductors B and C will be

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

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