Elctrical Machine 1 Introduction

Electrical Machine - l
Abdullahi Mohamed Isak

M.Sc. In Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Necmettin Erbakan University (NEÜ)
B.Sc. In Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering major in Power

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)
Email: engabdalla2018@gmail.com | Abdullahi.mohamed9@just.edu.so

Electrical Machine –I Engr Abdullahi Mohamed Isak
Course Information
1. Course Description / outline :
i. Basic Concepts in Electro Magnetic Induction
ii. Transformers
iii. DC Generators
iv. DC Motors
v. Induction Motors
2. Learning Outcomes:
 In this course students will learn about ‘Electric Machine’ in regards to working principle,
construction, characteristics and maintenance of different types of transformers and motors.

Course Information
3. Course schedule
 Credit Hours: 4 Hr. Per week
 Days: Saturday & Sunday

4. Prerequisites: Network Analysis
5. Reference Books:
 Electric Machinery Fundamentals, S. J. Chapman, 5thEdition, McGraw Hill
 Electric Machinery; Fitzgerald, Kingsley & Umans, 7thEdition, McGraw Hill
 Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, P. C. Sen, 2nd Edition, Wiley

Course Information
6. Course Assessments
 Midterm Exam 30%
 Final Exam 50%
 Quizzes, Assignments, Attendance 20%

7. Learning Methods
 One-on-One Support
 Self-dependence
 Collaboration and Team work
 Real-world problem-solving

Why do we study electrical machines?
They are considered important components in many industrial applications as:

 Manufactories
 Power plants
 Electrical vehicles
 Home appliances
 Power systems

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to
Machinery Principles

Introduction
An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical
energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Electric machines
Static Electric machines Rotating Electric machines
Transformers:
a device that converts ac electric
Motors: Generators:
energy at one voltage level to ac
Convert electrical energy Convert mechanical energy
electric energy at another voltage
to mechanical energy to electrical energy
level.

Assignment -1
1. What are the types rotating electrical machines?

2. What is electrical machinery used for?
Deadline Tomorrow

Introduction
Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to another
through the action of a magnetic field.
Why are electric motors and generators so common?

 Electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is very easy to transmit over long
distances and easy to control.
 Does not require constant ventilation and fuel (compare to internal-combustion engine), free
from pollutant associated with combustion.

Basic concept of electrical machines fundamentals
Rotational Motion vs Linear Motion
Rotational Motion Linear Motion
Angular position () Linear distance (d)
-degree or radians -meters
Angular Velocity () (rad/s) Linear velocity (v) (meters/sec)

Rad/sec -meters/second
Angular acceleration (rad/) Linear acceleration (a) )
() -rad/ -meters/
Torque ( Force (F) (newton)
-newton-meters -Nowton

Work
• Work, W – is defined as the application of Force through a distance. Therefore, work may be defined as:
W   Fdr
• Assuming that the direction of F is collinear (in the same direction) with the direction of motion and constant
in magnitude, hence,
W  Fr
• Applying the same concept for rotating bodies,
W    d
• Assuming that  is constant,
W  
Power
• Power, P – is defined as rate of doing work. Hence,
• P
dW (watts)
dt
• Applying this for rotating bodies,

d
P   
dt
d

dt
 
• This equation can describe the mechanical power on the shaft of a motor or generator.

Newton’s Law of Rotation
• Newton’s law for objects moving in a straight line gives a relationship between the force applied to the object
and the acceleration experience by the object as the result of force applied to it. In general,
F  ma
•where:
F – Force applied
m – mass of object
a – resultant acceleration of object
• Applying these concept for rotating bodies,

  J
•where:
•  - Torque
• J – moment of inertia
•  - angular acceleration

The Magnetic Field
 Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted
from one form to another in motors, generators and transformers.
 Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that
coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force induced on it.
(This is the basis of motor action.)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it. (This is the
basis of generator action. )
First, we are going to look at the basic principle – A current-carrying wire

produces a magnetic field in the area around it.

Assignment -2
1. Using Oersted experiment, prove that A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the
area around it.
http://tlaphysicsportfolio.weebly.com/oersteds-experiment
2. Build an Electromagnet

Production of a Magnetic Field
1. Ampere’s Law – the basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current:
 H dl  I net
• where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current I net and dl is a differential element of length
along the path of integration. H is measured in Ampere-turns per meter.
2. Consider a current currying conductor is wrapped around a ferromagnetic core;
CSA
N turns
mean path length, lc

3. Applying Ampere’s law, the total amount of magnetic field induced

will be proportional to the amount of current flowing through the
conductor wound with N turns around the ferromagnetic material as
shown. Since the core is made of ferromagnetic material, it is assume
that a majority of the magnetic field will be confined to the core.

4. The path of integration in Ampere’s law is the mean path length of the core, lc.
The current passing within the path of integration Inet is then Ni, since the coil of
wires cuts the path of integration N times while carrying the current i. Hence
Ampere’s Law becomes,
Hlc  Ni
Ni
H 
lc

5. In this sense, H (Ampere turns per metre) is known as the effort

required to induce a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field
flux produced in the core also depends on the material of the core. Thus
B  H
• B = magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))
• µ= magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)
• H = magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)

6. The constant  may be further expanded to include relative
permeability which can be defined as below:
where: o – permeability of free space (a.k.a. air)

r 
o
7. Hence the permeability value is a combination of the relative
permeability and the permeability of free space. The value of relative
permeability is dependent upon the type of material used. The higher the
amount permeability, the higher the amount of flux induced in the core.
Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the
magnetizability of materials.

8. Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than that of

air, the majority of the flux in an iron core remains inside the core
instead of travelling through the surrounding air, which has lower
permeability. The small leakage flux that does leave the iron core is
important in determining the flux linkages between coils and the self-
inductances of coils in transformers and motors.
9. In a core such as in the figure,
Ni
B = H =
lc

Now, to measure the total flux flowing in the ferromagnetic core, consideration has to be made in terms of its
cross sectional area (CSA). Therefore,
   BdA
A
Assuming that the flux density in the ferromagnetic core is constant throughout hence constant A, the equation
simplifies to be:
  BA
Taking into account past derivation of B,
 NiA

lc
Magnetic circuits
•The flow of magnetic flux induced in the ferromagnetic core can be made analogous to an electrical circuit
hence the name magnetic circuit.
•The analogy is as follows:
A 
V
+
R F=Ni +
Reluctance, R
-
(mmf) -
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

Magnetic circuits
• For magnetic circuit

F  R (similar to V=IR)
• F = magnetomotive force of circuit

• ϕ = flux of circuit
• R = reluctance of circuit
• The polarity of the mmf will determine the direction of flux. To easily
determine the direction of flux, the ‘right hand curl’ rule is utilised:
 The direction of the curled fingers determines the current flow.
 The resulting thumb direction will show the magnetic flux flow.

Magnetic circuits
• Series Reluctance, Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….
• Parallel reluctance, 1 1 1 1
    ...
Req R1 R2 R3
Permeance 1
P
R
F
 since  
R
  FP
Magnetic circuits
• Also,
 NiA

lc
A
 Ni
lc
A
F
lc
A lc
P  ,R
lc A


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Electrical Machine - l

Abdullahi Mohamed Isak

B.Sc. In Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering major in Power

Email: engabdalla2018@gmail.com | Abdullahi.mohamed9@just.edu.so

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

 Credit Hours: 4 Hr. Per week

 Days: Saturday & Sunday

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

 Midterm Exam 30%

 Final Exam 50%

 Quizzes, Assignments, Attendance 20%

 Collaboration and Team work

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

They are considered important components in many industrial applications as:

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Static Electric machines Rotating Electric machines

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

1. What are the types rotating electrical machines?

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Why are electric motors and generators so common?

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Angular Velocity () (rad/s) Linear velocity (v) (meters/sec)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• Assuming that  is constant,

• Power, P – is defined as rate of doing work. Hence,

• Applying this for rotating bodies,

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• Applying these concept for rotating bodies,

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

First, we are going to look at the basic principle – A current-carrying wire

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

mean path length, lc

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

3. Applying Ampere’s law, the total amount of magnetic field induced

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

5. In this sense, H (Ampere turns per metre) is known as the effort

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

8. Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than that of

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

•The analogy is as follows:

Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• For magnetic circuit

• F = magnetomotive force of circuit

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

• Series Reluctance, Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….

Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)

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