BIOLOGY

OF
IMMUNE SYSTEM
RANI PANDEY

M.SC BIOTECH 2ND YEAR

LAYOUT
 INTRODUCTION

 ANTIGEN PROCESSING & PRESENTATION

 CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

 HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

 AN OVERVIEW OF CYTOKINES

 HYPERSENSITIVITY

 AUTOIMMUNITY

 IMMUNOSENESCENCE
INTRODUCTION

 Immune response refers to highly coordinated reaction

of the cells of immune system and their products

 Cell mediated immune response: T cells

 Humoral immune response: Antibodies

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
&
PROCESSING
 DEFINITIONS
Antigen processing:

Proteolytic cleavage of proteins by enzymes (proteases)

into small fragments (antigen peptides) and their
association with MHC molecules by the antigen
presenting cells. This is an active process requiring energy

Antigen presentation:

Presentation of processed peptides in association with

MHC molecules (pMHC) on the surface of processing
cells.
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
PATHWAYS OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
ENDOGENOUS (MHC I) EXOGENOUS (MHC II)
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Development of αβ
T cells
 Positive & Negative
selection of
thymocytes results
in mature T cells that
are both self-MHC
restricted & self-
tolerant
T CELL RECEPTOR-CORECEPTOR
COMPLEX & OTHER SURFACE
MOLECULES
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN T CELLS & APCs
 OVERVIEW OF TCR
MEDIATED SIGNALING
TH-cell activation requires a co-
stimulatory signal
provided by APCs
Super-antigen mediated cross-linkage of
T-cell receptor
and class II MHC molecules

TSST-1
EXFT
SPE- A,B,C,D
Activation of TH cells by signal 1 &
co-stimulatory signal 2 up-regulates
expression of IL-2
EFFECTOR MOLECULES
PRODUCED BY EFFECTOR T
CELLS
GENERATION OF
EFFECTOR CTLs
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
OVERVIEW OF B CELL DEVELOPMENT
Pro-B CELL & BONE MARROW
STROMAL CELL
INTERACTION
B-CELL RECEPTOR-
CORECEPTOR COMPLEX
THYMUS INDEPENDENT &
DEPENDENT ANTIGENS
PROPERTIES OF TI & TD
ANTIGENS
B-CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
B-CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
 The interactions of numerous cytokines with B cells
generate signals required for proliferation and class switching during
the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
PRIMARY & SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE
COMPARISON OF PRIMARY &
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES
EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS OF HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
Neutralization
Toxin receptors

Host cell
Bacterial toxins
Neutralization by antibody

Phagocytosis of
antibody-antigen
complex by
macrophage
Forming phagosome Fc receptor
Opsonization
Extracellular
Opsonization
bacteria

Macrophage

Ingestion by macrophage

Digestion in lysosome
Complement Activation

Bacteria in plasma

Lysis and
ingestion

C1
C1 C2 C4

C2 Complement
C4
activation
Digestion in lysosome
TRANSCYTOSIS
AN OVERVIEW OF CYTOKINES
INDUCTION & FUNCTION OF
CYTOKINES
ATTRIBUTES OF
CYTOKINES
SUMMARY OF CYTOKINES
HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Hypersensitivity can be defined as a state of altered
immune response against an antigen characterized by hyper
reactivity leading to immunopathology.

• Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized

(immune) state of the host.

• There are two categories of adaptive hypersensitivities: –

Immediate hypersensitivities refer to humoral immunity
(antigen/antibody reactions) –Delayed hypersensitivities
refer to cell-mediated immunity(cytotoxic T-lymphocytes,
macrophages, and cytokines)
AUTOIMMUNITY
 Basically means immunity to self.

 A condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroys healthy body tissue
The “Immunology Definition”

Failure of immune
tolerance
 Immune Regulation
A defect in any arm of the immune system can trigger
autoimmunity

Complement

T cells B cells
 B or T? That is the question?
Autoimmunity is hard to classify as strictly a
B cell or T cell mediated disease as
multiple arms of the immune system are
involved
Cytokine Dysregulation in
Autoimmunity

CD = Crohn’s Disease
 ***********Remember***********
Autoimmunity is a failure of tolerance!

Knowing the tolerance mechanisms the

immune system uses, will help you better
understand autoimmune diseases!
IMMUNOSENESCENCE
 WHAT IS
IMMUNOSENESCENCE?
 Immunosenescence is the gradual deterioration of
the immune system, brought on by natural age
advancement. Generally, it is believed that the adaptive
immune system is affected more than the innate immune
system.

 Immunosenescence involves both the host's capacity to

respond to infections and the development of long-term
immune memory. This age-associated immune
deficiency is found in both long- and short-living species
as a function of their age relative to life expectancy rather
than chronological time.
IMMUNOSENESCENCE
Immune stimulation

IL11
IL Functional
Functional deficit
deficit
IL 1
monocyte macrophage IL66
IL
IL 6
lymphocyte
TNF
TNF
functional
functional
20% CD3 and CD4
60% capacities of
proliferation

Inadequate response
Prolonged inflammatory syndrome: Inflam-
aging
Groupe de travail sur la vaccination en gériatrie
THANK
YOU!