Digital Fundamentals

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 The Inverter
• Inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called
inversion or complementation.
• Changes 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.
• Standard logic symbols.

Distinctive shape Rectangular outline

symbol with negation symbol with polarity
indicators. indicator.

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The Inverter – Truth Table

Input Output

Low (0) High (1)

High (1) Low(0)

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The Inverter – Operation

• When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.

• When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW.

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The Inverter – Logic Expression

• X=A
• If A = 0, X = 1
• If A = 1, X = 0

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The Inverter –
Application Example
• Producing 1’s complement of an 8 – bit binary
number.

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AND Gate
• Gate is used to describe a circuit that performs a
basic logic operation.
• AND gate is composed of two or more inputs and a
single output.

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AND Gate - Operation
• For a 2 – input AND gate, output X is HIGH if
input A and input B is HIGH, X is LOW if either
A or B is LOW, or if both A and B are LOW.

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AND Gate – Truth Table
Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1
Total number 1 combinations
of possible 1 of binary
inputs to gate: N = 2n

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AND Gate – Pulsed Operation

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AND Gate – Logic Expression
X = AB

A B AB = X
0 0 0.0=0
0 1 0.1=0
1 0 1.0=0
1 1 1.1=1

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AND Gate – Application Example
Seat Belt Alarm System

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Exercise
• If the binary number 10100011 is
ANDed with the mask 00001111, what
is the result?

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OR Gate
• Can have two or more inputs

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OR Gate - Operation
• For a 2 – input OR gate, output X is HIGH if
either input A or input B is HIGH, or if both A
and B are HIGH; X is LOW if both A and B are
LOW.

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OR Gate – Truth Table

Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
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OR Gate – Pulsed Operation

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OR Gate – Logic Expression

A B A+B=X
0 0 0+0=0
0 1 0+1=1
1 0 1+0=1
1 1 1+1=1

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OR Gate – Application Example
Intrusion detection system

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NAND Gate
• Can be used as a universal gate; NAND gates can be
used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and
inverter operations.
• NAND – contraction of NOT – AND and implies an
AND function with a inverted (complement) output.

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Exercise
1. Draw the logic circuit for the following
expressions:
V  AB C
X  ABC
Y  A  BC
X  AB  A B
X  A B (C  D )
K  AB  A B  A BC
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Exercise

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Exercise : give Boolean
expression

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Exercise

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NAND Gate - Operation
• For a 2 – input NAND gate, output X is LOW if
inputs A and B are HIGH; X is HIGH if either A
or B is LOW, or if both A and B are LOW.

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NAND Gate – Truth Table
Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 1

0 1 1
1 0 1

1 1 0
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NAND Gate – Pulsed Operation

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NAND Gate –
Equivalent Operation
Negative – OR
• For a 2 – input NAND gate, performing a negative –
OR operation, output X is HIGH if either input A or
input B is LOW, or if both A and B are LOW.

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NAND Gate – Logic Expression
A B AB = X
0 0 0.0=0=1

0 1 0.1=0=1
1 0 1.0=0=1
1 1 1.1=1=0

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NOR Gate
• Can be used as universal gate; can be used in
combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter
operations.
• Term NOR is a contraction of NOT – OR and implies
an OR function with an inverted (complement)
output.

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NOR Gate - Operation
• For a 2 – input NOR gate, output X is LOW if
either input A or input B is HIGH, or if both A
and B are HIGH; X is HIGH if both A and B are
LOW.

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NOR Gate – Truth Table
Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 1

0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1 0
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NOR Gate – Pulsed Operation

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NOR Gate –
Equivalent Operation
Negative – AND
• For a 2 – input NOR gate, performing a negative –
AND operation, output X is HIGH if both input A and
B is LOW.

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NOR Gate – Logic Expression

A B x AB

0 0 0+0=0=1

0 1 0+1=1=0

1 0 1+0=1=0

1 1 1+1=1=0

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Exercise
When will the LED ON
for the circuit +5.0 V

shown? 330 W

A
B X
C
D

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NAND as universal gate

Combinations of NANDs are used to create the three logic functions.

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NOR as universal gate

combinations of NORs are used to create the three logic functions.

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Exclusive - OR
• XOR for short

X  A B

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Exclusive – OR - Operation
• For an exclusive – OR gate, output X is HIGH if
input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or if input
A is HIGH and input B is LOW; X is LOW if A
and B are both HIGH or both LOW.

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Exclusive – OR – Truth Table
Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 0

0 1 1
1 0 1

1 1 0
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Exclusive – OR –
Pulsed Operation

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Exclusive - NOR
• XNOR for short.

X  AB  AB

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Exclusive – NOR - Operation
• For an exclusive – NOR gate, output X is LOW
and input B is HIGH, or if A is HIGH and B is
LOW; X is LOW if A and B are both HIGH or
both LOW.

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Exclusive – NOR – Truth Table
Inputs
Output
A B X

0 0 1

0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1 1
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Application

Page 46
Exercise

Output

Boolean expressions ???

Truth Table???

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Exercise
V1
0V U5A L1

U4A U6A
V2
0V U1A

Boolean expressions ???

V3 Truth Table???
0V U4B L2

U3A U6B
V4
0V U2A

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Exercise
A 2-input gate produces the output shown. (X
represents the output.) This is

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Exercise
Sensors are used to monitor pressure and
temperature of a chemical solution
stored in a vat, the circuitry for each
sensor produces a HIGH voltage when a
specified maximum value is exceeded.
An alarm requiring a LOW voltage input
must be activated when either the
pressure or temperature is excessive.
Design a circuit for this application.
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Exercise
In a certain automated manufacturing process,
electrical components are automatically
inserted in a PCB. Before the insertion tool is
activated, PCB must be properly positioned
and the component to be inserted must be in
the chamber. Each of the required conditions
is indicated by a HIGH voltage. The insertion
tool requires a LOW voltage to activate it.
Design a circuit for this process.

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