Digital Electronics

Principles & Applications

Fifth Edition

Roger L. Tokheim

Chapter 3
Logic Gates

©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
 CHAPTER 3 PREVIEW

• The AND Gate • Gates with More Than

• The OR Gate Two Inputs
• The Inverter • Using Inverters to
• The NAND Gate Convert Gates
• The NOR Gate
• TTL & CMOS Logic
Gates
• The XOR Gate
• Troubleshooting Gate
• The XNOR Gate
Circuits
• NAND as Universal Gate
• IEEE Logic Symbols
• “All or Nothing Gate”

• Boolean Expression: A · B = Y

• Truth Table (See next slide)

TRUTH TABLE - AND GATE

B A Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 TEST
What is the output of the AND gate?
L H
? Low ?High
L H

L H
?Low ?Low
H L

Unique Output: Output HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.
• “Any or All Gate”

• Boolean Expression: A + B = Y

• Truth Table (See next slide)

TRUTH TABLE - OR GATE

B A Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 TEST
What is the output of the OR gate?
H H
?High ?High
H L

L L
?Low ?High
L H

Unique Output: Output LOW only when all inputs are LOW.
• NOT Circuit

• Gives output that is not the same as the

input.

• Boolean Expression: Y = A or Y = A'

• Double inverting: A = A
• NOT AND or inverted AND function.

• Boolean Expression: A · B = Y
or (A · B)' = Y

• Truth Table (See next slide)

TRUTH TABLE - NAND GATE

B A AND NAND
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
 TEST
What is the output of the NAND gate?
L L
?High ?High
L H

H H
?Low ?High
H L

Unique Output: Output LOW only when all inputs are HIGH.
• NOT OR or Inverted OR

• Boolean Expression: A + B = Y
or (A + B)' = Y

• Truth Table (See next slide)

TRUTH TABLE - NOR GATE

B A OR NOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
 TEST
What is the output of the NOR gate?
L L
?High ?Low
L H

H H
?Low ?Low
L H

Unique Output: Output HIGH when all inputs are LOW.

• Known as “Exclusive OR” Gate
• “Anything but not all” Gate
• Boolean Expression: A  B=Y
• Truth Table (See next slide)
TRUTH TABLE - XOR GATE

B A OR XOR
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0
 TEST
What is the output from the XOR gate?
L L
L ??Low L ? High
L H

H H
H ??Low H ? High
H L

XOR output is HIGH only when odd number of inputs are HIGH
• Known as the Exclusive NOR Gate
• The Inverted XOR
• Boolean Expression: A  B=Y

or (A  B)' = Y
• Truth Table (See next slide)
TRUTH TABLE - XNOR GATE

B A XOR XNOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
 TEST
What is the output from this XNOR gate?
L L
L ?High H ?Low
L L

H H
H ?Low H ?High
L H

XNOR output is HIGH only when odd number of inputs are LOW
THE NAND AS A UNIVERSAL GATE

• “Universal gate” can be used in

combination to create any other logic
function.

• Example:

A+B A+B
 USING INVERTERS
TO CONVERT GATES
For example:
PRACTICAL LOGIC GATES

• ICs - Integrated circuits

• TTL Family of ICs

• CMOS (MOS - Metal oxide

semiconductor) Family of ICs
 TROUBLESHOOTING
SIMPLE GATE CIRCUITS

• Logic probe - equipment used to test circuits

• Feel top of IC to determine if it is hot
• Look for broken connections, signs of excessive heat
• Smell for overheating
• Check power source
• Trace path of logic through circuit
 IEEE LOGIC SYMBOLS
• A different set of symbols without unique shapes.
• Not very popular at this time.

Examples:
A
& Y AND gate
B

B
1 Y
OR gate