Logic Gates

A Logic gate is an elementary building block of a digits circuit. Most logic gates have two input
and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of two binary condition low (0)
or high (1), represented by different voltage levels.

OR

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output if one or more of its inputs are
high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

A B X=A + B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is
sometimes omitted i.e. AB.

A B X=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

NOT

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter.

A X = A’
0 1
1 0

NAND

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The output
of NAND gate is high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.
 A B F = (A . B)’
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The output of
NOR gate is low if any Of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

A B X = (A+ B)’
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XOR

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if odd number of inputs
are high. An encircled plus sign “ ” is used to show the EOR operation.
 A B A=A⊕ B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XNOR

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the XOR gate. It will give a high
output if even number of inputs are high. The symbol is an XOR gate with a small circle on
the output. The small circle represents inversion.

X =(A ⊕ B)’

A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
CMOS
1 0 0
CMOS is complementary metal oxide semiconductors.
1 1 1
Its range starts from 3v and goes to 15v. these ics are
slow in processing as compared with ttl ics.

TTL

TTL stands for transistor transistor logic. Its range starts from 5v and goes to 5.5v. these ics are
fast in processing as compared to CMOS ics.

IN-LAB TASK

INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B AND OR XOR NAND NOR XNOR
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

NOT

INPUT
OUTPUT

A X= A’

0 1

1 0

Proteus Simulation

INPUT OUTPUT

𝑨 𝑩

0 1

1 0
 7400 Series
Range: 5V to 5.5V
1 7403 quad 2-input NAND gate,
open collector outputs
2 7408 quad 2-input And gate
3 7412 triple 3-input NAND gate,
open collector outputs
4 7415 triple 3-input AND gate,
open collector outputs
5 7420 dual 4-input NAND gate
6 7421 dual 4-input AND gate
7 7425 dual 4-input NOR gate
8 7427 triple 3-input NOR gate
9 7430 8-input NAND gate
10 7432 quad 2-input OR gate
11 7434 hex non-inverters
12 7435 hex non-inverters, open
collector output
13 7437 quad 2-input NAND buffer
14 7440 dual 4-input NAND buffer
15 7442 BCD to decimal decoder
4000 Series
Range 3V to 15V
4002 Dual 4-input NOR gate
4006 18-stage shift register
4012 Dual 4-input NAND gate
4015 Dual 4-stage shift register
4019 Quad AND/OR select gate
4024 7-stage binary ripple counter
4025 triple 3- input NOR gate
4028 BCD to decimal (1 to 10 )
decoder
4030 Quad XOR gate
4032 Triple serial adder
4038 Triple serial adder
4041 Quad ture complement buffer
4045 21-stage counter
4049 Hex buffer converter
4068 8-Input NAND gate
Fan-Out and Fan-In

Fan-out- number of load gates connected to the output of the driving gate

 Gates with large fan – out are slower

 Fan – in – the number of input to the gate

 Gates with large fan- in are bigger and slower