Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Anastasia L. Maukar
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CRAFT- Computerized Relative Allocation
of Facilities Technique
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From-To Chart
Moment d f
(i , j )
ij ij
where
d ij
distance of the (i, j) entry from the diagonal
f ij
the (i, j) entry in the matrix
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CRAFT
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CRAFT
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Following are some
A D
examples of
questions
addressed by
CRAFT:
C
• Is this a good
layout?
B
• If not, can it be
improved?
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CRAFT
The possible interchange:
– only pairwise interchage
– only three-way interchange
– pairwise interchage followed by three-way
interchange
– three-way interchage followed by pairwise
interchange
– best of two-way and three-way interchage
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CRAFT: Distance Between Two
Departments
• Consider the problem of finding the distance between two adjacent
departments, separated by a line only.
• People needs walking to move from one department to another,
even when the departments are adjacent.
• An estimate of average walking required is obtained from the
distance between centroids of two departments.
• The distance between two departments is taken from the distance
between their centroids.
• People walks along some rectilinear paths. An Euclidean distance
between two centroids is not a true representative of the walking
required. The rectilinear distance is a better approximation.
• So, Distance (A,B) = rectilinear distance between centroids of
departments A and B
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CRAFT: Distance Between Two
Departments
• Let
– Centroid of Department A = xA , yA
– Centroid of Department B = xB , yB
x A xB y A y B
x A xC y A yC 30 80 75 35 90
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CRAFT: Distance Between Two
Departments
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Centroid of A A D
= (30,75)
(80,85)
Centroid of C C
= (80,35)
B
Distance (A,C)
= 90
(30,25)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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CRAFT: Total Distance Traveled
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CRAFT: Total Distance Traveled
(a) Material handling trips(given)
To
From A B C D
A 2 7 4
B 3 5 7
C 6 7 3 (b)
D 7 7 3
A 2 7 4
Distance Traveled B 3 5 7 (a)
C 6 7 3
(a) Material handling D 7 7 3
trips (given) To
From A B C D
(b) Distances (given)
A 50 90 60
B 50 60 1 1 0 (b)
(c) Sample computation:
distance traveled (A,B) C 90 60 50
= trips (A,B) dist (A,B) D 60 110 50
=……….. From
To
A B C D
Total distance traveled A 100 630 240
= 100+630+240+…. B 150 300 7 7 0 (c)
= 4640 C 540 420 150
D 420 770 150 12
CRAFT: Savings
• CRAFT then attempts to improve the layout by pair-wise
interchanges.
• If some interchange results some savings in the total
distance traveled, the interchange that saves the most
(total distance traveled) is selected.
• While searching for the most savings, exact savings are
not computed. At the search stage, savings are
computed assuming when departments are
interchanged, centroids are interchanged too. This
assumption does not give the exact savings, but
approximate savings only.
• Exact centroids are computed later.
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CRAFT: Savings
• Savings are computed for all feasible pairwise interchanges.
Savings are not computed for the infeasible interchanges.
• An interchange between two departments is feasible only if the
departments have the same area or they share a common
boundary.
– Feasible pairs are {A,B}, {A,C}, {A,D}, {B,C}, {C,D}
– and an infeasible pair is {B,D}
• In this example savings are not computed for interchanging B and
D. Savings are computed for each of the 5 other pair-wise
interchanges and the best one chosen.
• After the departments are interchanged, every exact centroid is
found. This may require more computation if one or more shape is
composed of rectangular pieces.
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CRAFT: A Sample Computation of Savings from a
Feasible Pairwise Interchange
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CRAFT: A Sample Computation of Savings from a
Feasible Pairwise Interchange
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CRAFT: A Sample Computation of Savings from a
Feasible Pairwise Interchange
• The matrix on the left is the previous matrix, before interchange. The
matrix on the right is after.
• Dist (A,B) and (C,D) does not change.
• New dist (A,C) = Previous dist (A,D)
• New dist (A,D) = Previous dist (A,C) Interchange
• New dist (B,C) = Previous dist (B,D) C,D
• New dist (B,D) = Previous dist (A,C)
To To
From A B C D From A B C D
A 50 90 60 A 50 60 90
B 50 60 110 B 50 11 0 60
C 90 60 50 C 60 110 50
D 60 110 50 D 90 60 50 17
CRAFT: A Sample To
From A B C D
Computation of
Savings A 2 7 4
B 3 5 7 (a)
C 6 7 3
(a) Material handling trips
(given) D 7 7 3
To
From A B C D
(b) Distances (rearranged)
A 50 60 90
(c) Sample computation: B 50 110 60 (b)
distance traveled (A,B) C 60 110 50
= trips (A,B) dist (A,B)
D 90 60 50
=
Total distance traveled From
To
A B C D
= 100+420+360+… A 100 42 0 360
= 4480 B 150 55 0 420 (c)
Savings C 360 770 150
=
D 630 420 150 18
CRAFT: Improvement Procedure
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CRAFT: Exact Coordinates of Centroids
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in a peculiar shape of a department; a
shape that is composed of some D A
rectangular pieces
• For example, consider the layout (from
example) and interchange departments C
A and D. The resulting picture is shown
on the right. B
• How to compute the exact coordinate of
the centroid (of a shape like A)?
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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CRAFT: Exact Coordinates of Centroids
50 60 70 80 90 100
Let
A1 Area A1 A A1
A2 Area A2
x1 , y1
Centroid of A1 A2
x2 , y2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Centroid of A1
Find the centroid of A
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CRAFT: Exact Coordinates of Centroids
X-coordinate Multiply
Rectangle Area of centroid (2) and (3)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
A1
A2
Total
A1 x1 A2 x2
A1 A2
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CRAFT: Exact Coordinates of Centroids
Y-coordinate Multiply
Rectangle Area of centroid (2) and (3)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
A1
A2
Total
50 60 70 80 90 100
A A1
A2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Computerized Layout Planning
Graphical Representation
“Points and lines” representation is not convenient for
analysis
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Layout Evaluation
– An Algorithm needs to distinguish between “good” layouts
and “bad” ones
– Develop scoring model, s = g (X )
– Adjacency-based scoring (Komsuluk Bazli Skorlama)
• Based on the relationship chart and diagram
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Max s wi X i
i 1
4
U 7 U 2 E
Screw
Shipping Milling
Machine
3 E I I
Press
O 6 A 5 O 1
Plating Assembly Receiving
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1
Receiving 2
E 3
Milling O 4
U I 5
Press E O 6
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Exercise: Find the score of the layout
U I U
Screw Machine U I U shown below. Use A=8, E=4, I=2, O=1,
I O U 1
Assembly U U 2 U=0 and X=-8.
A U 3
Plating I 4
E 5
Shipping 6
7
3 1 2 4
Press Receiving Milling Screw
Machine
7 6 5
Shipping Plating Assembly
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Layout Evaluation (cont’d)
– Distance-based scoring (Mesafe Bazli Skorlama)
• Approximate the cost of flow between activities
• Requires explicit evaluation of the flow volumes and costs
m 1 m
Min s c ij Dij
i 1 j i 1
Ma Flow Data
From/To A B C D
A B A - 2 4 4
B 1 - 1 3
C 2 1 - 2
D 4 1 0 -
C D
Total Cost
Distance Data From/To A B C D Total
From/To A B C D A - 80 100 220 400
A - 40 25 55 B 40 - 65 75 180
B 40 - 65 25 C 50 65 - 80 195
C 25 65 - 40 D 220 25 0 - 245
D 55 25 40 - Total 310 170 165 375 1020
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CRAFT - Example 2
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CRAFT - Example 2
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CRAFT - Example 2
To
A B C D
From
40’
30’
A 50 25 47.5
20’
10’
B 50 35 27.5
20’ 40’ 60’ 80’
C 25 35 62.5
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Layout Evaluation – Distance-Based
Scoring
– Distance-based scoring
– Impact of aisle layout and direction of travel
A B
C D
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Benefits and Problems
• Benefit
– A Computer Program
– Flexibilty
• Problems
– Greedy Algorithm
– Inefficient
– End result may need to be modified
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Summary
It is beneficial to use CRAFT but you should
also realize that the program is not flawless.
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