Impacts of Pollutants and Climate Change

CE469
EIA
Module IV
SJCET/CE/PRG/EIA/MODULE 4/2020
Topics Discussed
• Impacts of pollutants, types, scale of impact - Global, local pollutants.

Climate change, Ozone layer depletion,
• Deforestation, land degradation, Impact of development on

vegetation and wild life.
IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS
Pollution
• Pollution is explained as any substance introduced into the environment that

adversely affects the usefulness of resources. Pollution can be in the form of solid,
liquid or gaseous substance. Pollution causes damage to human, plant and animal life.
The nature and concentration of pollutant determine the severity of effect of
pollution. Pollution is defined as the excess discharge of any substance into the
environment which affects quality of environment and causing damage to humans,
plants and animals.
•Every pollutant has a threshold limit value (TLV) which is the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a person is
exposed during 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation
on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.
•Pollutant is any substance already present in environment or a new substance whose concentration increases to undesirable
proportions causing danger to living organisms or other materials. Pollutants alter the physical and chemical composition of air,
water and soil that are not feasible for organism and plants. A pollutant may change growth rate of plant or animal species, or
interfere with human amenities, comfort and health. Some common pollutants are:
Some common pollutants are:
• Gases like CO2, SO2, NO2 etc.
• Solid substances like lead, mercury,
• Natural substances like pollen grains
• Sewage and radioactive substances:
Types of Pollutants
•Primary Pollutant: Those pollutants which enter the environment after their formation and remain as
such i.e. do not undergo any chemical change are called primary pollutants For Example: NO,SO2 &
CO2
•Secondary Pollutants: These are the harmful materials which are formed by chemical reactions between
primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Some examples are sulphur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
aldehyde, ketones, various sulphate & nitrate salts
•Particulate Matter: These are the small sized solid particles and liquid droplets. Their size are upto 10
micro meter. Examples are ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.
•Bio- Degradable Pollutants: The materials (such as cow dungs) which are easily decomposed by the microorganisms into
inorganic material are called bio-degradable materials. Similarly the pollutants, which are of organic nature (such as paper)
can be decomposed by microorganisms are also called bio-degradable pollutants.
•Non Bio- degradable Pollutants: The pollutants such as DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ) which do not undergo
degradation or degrade very slowly are called non-bio degradable pollutants. These are harmful even when present in very
small amount. They react with the other compound present in the environment to produce even more toxic compounds.
Ecologically, pollutants can be divided into three types
•Degradable or non – persistent pollutants : The pollutants that can be rapidly decomposed by natural processes is called degradable or non persistent pollutants.
•Slowly degradable pollutants : Some pollutants remain in environment for longer time because they decompose very slowly by the natural processes. Example:
plastics, pesticides, etc
•Non-degradable pollutants : Some pollutants cannot be decomposed by natural processes are called non degradable pollutants. Example – Lead, mercury, nuclear
wastes etc.
•Types of Pollution:
Based on part of the environment polluted:
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution.
•Soil Pollution (or Land Pollution)
Based on Nature of pollutants:
• Oil Pollution , Silt Pollution, Smog Pollution, Thermal Pollution, Chemical Pollution, Acid- Rain Pollution
etc
•
HORIZONTAL ZONE CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS
• Local Pollutants = experienced near the source of the emission

• Regional Pollutants = experienced at a greater distance from emission
• Global Pollutant = damage effects the entire planet
Remember, the categories are NOT mutually exclusive - it is possible for a pollutant to be in
more than one category.
Global and local pollutants
• The 2 main classes of global pollutants are : greenhouse gases( like methane, CO2, N2O,CFC’s)
and ozone-depleting gases( like CFC’s and Halons) Greenhouse gases, absorb the long-wavelength
(infrared) radiation from the earth’s surface and atmosphere, trapping heat that would otherwise
radiate into space. The change in mix and distribution of these gases can modify the climate
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and also as a result of certain
chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement)
• Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and
oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay
of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities,
combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as well as during treatment of wastewater
• Fluorinated gases: chlorofluorocarbons, etc
Local Pollutants
Oxides of Sulfur,nitrogen and ozone are the major local pollutants
.Sulfur dioxide
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is primarily produced from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) and the smelting
of mineral ores that contain sulphur. Exposure to SO2 affects the respiratory system and the function of
the lungs, and causes irritation of the eyes
• SO2 also combines with water in the air to form sulfuric acid - the main component of acid rain.
Nitrogen dioxide
• Nitrogen dioxide, mainly emitted by power generation, industrial and traffic sources, is an important
constituent of particulate matter and ozone., it can increase symptoms of bronchitis and asthma, as well
as lead to respiratory infections and reduced lung function and growth
Ground-level Ozone
• Ground-level ozone is one of the major components of photochemical smog and a key health risk linked
to breathing problems, asthma, reduced lung function and respiratory diseases. It is a secondary pollutant,
meaning that it is not directly emitted. Instead, it is produced when carbon monoxide (CO), methane or
other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are oxidized in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
sunlight
Refer assignment
Climate change
• Climate change describes a change in the average conditions — such as temperature and rainfall
— in a region over a long period of time. NASA scientists have observed Earth’s surface is
warming, and many of the warmest years on record have happened in the past 20 years..
• Weather describes the conditions outside right now in a specific place. For example, if you see that
it’s raining outside right now, that’s a way to describe today’s weather. Rain, snow, wind,
hurricanes, tornadoes — these are all weather events.
• Climate, on the other hand, is more than just one or two rainy days. Climate describes the weather
conditions that are expected in a region at a particular time of year.
• A region’s climate is determined by observing its weather over a period of many years—generally
30 years or more.
What Is Climate Change?
 Climate change describes a change in the average conditions — such as temperature and rainfall
— in a region over a long period of time
 Global climate change refers to the average long-term changes over the entire Earth. These include
warming temperatures and changes in precipitation, as well as the effects of Earth’s warming, such
as:
• Rising sea levels
• Shrinking mountain glaciers
• Changes in flower and plant blooming times
 Some parts of Earth are warming faster than others. But on average, global air temperatures near
Earth's surface have gone up about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 100 years. In fact, the past five
years have been the warmest five years in centuries.
 When human activities create greenhouse gases, Earth warms. This matters because oceans, land,
air, plants, animals and energy from the Sun all have an effect on one another. The combined
effects of all these things give us our global climate. In other words, Earth’s climate functions like
one big, connected system.
 There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation, melting of snow
and land ice, and increased atmospheric humidity. Flora and fauna are also behaving in a manner
consistent with warming; for instance, plants are flowering earlier in spring. Another key indicator
is the cooling of the upper atmosphere, which demonstrates that greenhouse gases are trapping
heat near the Earth's surface and preventing it from radiating into space.
 Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or "forcing mechanisms". These can be
either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes within the
climate system itself . External forcing mechanisms can be either anthropogenic - caused by
humans - (e.g. increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar
output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).
Global warming
• Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily
due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. The emission of greenhouse gases particularly
CO2 is leading to global warming. Every other day new industries are being set up, new vehicles come on roads and
trees are cut to make way for new homes. All of them, in direct or indirect way lead to increase in CO2 in the
environment. The increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar ice caps which increases the sea level and pose danger for
the people living near coastal areas.
 Causes
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants
• coal burning power plants releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation
• Our modern car culture and appetite for globally sourced goods is responsible for about 33% of emissions CO2 in the
U.S . As population growing at an alarming rate, the demand for more cars and consumer goods increases that in turn
increasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation and manufacturing. And thus emission of carbon dioxide
Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies etc
• Methane is another extremely potent greenhouse gas. When organic matter is broken down by
bacteria under oxygen-starved conditions (anaerobic decomposition) methane is produced. The
process also takes place in the intestines of herbivorous animals, and with current levels of
livestock production, the levels of methane released into the atmosphere is increasing.
Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp, and farmland
• Forests remove and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and this deforestation releases
large amounts of carbon.
Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands
• The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers produces of nitrous oxide.This in turn
increases global warming
• Serious Effects of Global Warming
• Melting of Glaciers: The melting of glaciers will create problems for human kind and the animals living
on the earth .The level of the sea will rise which will lead to flooding and this will in turn create havoc in
human life. Apart from raising the sea levels, it will also endanger several species of animals and thus
hamper the balance of the ecosystem.
• Climate Change: Irregular weather patterns have already started showing results. Increased precipitation
in the form of rain have already been noticed in polar and sub-polar regions. Global warming will lead to
more evaporation which will cause more rains. Animals and plants cannot easily adapt to increased
rainfall. Plants may die and animals may migrate to other areas, which can cause entire ecosystem out of
balance.
• Droughts: While it may be flooding in Some places, severe drought is happening elsewhere in the world.
whole forests have begun to disappear including tens of millions of trees. Large scale evaporation will
be the major cause of droughts in many places particularly Africa
• Diseases : Warm temperature can affect the health of humans. With the increase in the rainfall,
water borne diseases are spread like malaria..
• Agriculture: As the global temperature will increase, plants will find it harder to survive and will
die. Plants are the major source of food for human beings and as a result food shortage may occur.
The shortage of the food may lead to war and conflicts in some countries
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CLIMATE OF INDIA
There has been a particularly alarming effect of global warming on the climate of India. India is
already a disaster prone area, with the statistics of 27 out of 35 states being disaster prone, with most
disasters being water related
FLOODS IN INDIA
• India is the most flood distressed state in the world after Bangladesh, accounting for 1/ 5 th of the
global deaths every year with 30 million people displaced from their homes yearly.
DROUGHTS
• As explained above, the process of global warming has such an impact on the climate that it increases the
severity of precipitation at one time, and minimizes it in the other. Therefore, this process has resulted in
severe drought like conditions in India, with tens of millions of deaths resulting from it in the past few
centuries. India depends heavily on prolonged and optimum monsoons for its agricultural productivity,
failure of which results in the decreased crop productivity, leading to droughts. Of the total agricultural
land in India, about 68% is prone to drought of which 33% is chronically drought prone, receiving rainfall
of less than 750mm per year. This is particularly the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The World Record Of Drought Was In 2000 in Rajasthan, India
• CYCLONES: As a result of global warming, the average number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes per year
has increased over the past 30 years. India has an 800 km coastline, and is therefore very susceptible to
cyclonic activity. Cyclones have been observed to be more frequent in the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian
Sea. Consequently the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu along the Bay of
Bengal are the most affected
OZONE LAYER
Ozone in the stratosphere, protects humans, animals and plants from the damaging effects of UV
radiation from the sun. Without it, all life on earth would cease to exist. However, the use of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other Ozone- Depleting Substances (ODS) are slowly eating away at
the stratospheric ozone layer, creating a major potential health hazard. While the concentrations of ODS
(carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) methyl chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3) hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
methyl bromide etc ) in the lower atmosphere peaked in about 1994 and is now slowly declining due to
worldwide efforts to phase out the use of CFCs and other damaging substances ,
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the
release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other
human activities. Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases the amount
of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, which increases the rate of skin cancer, eye
cataracts, and genetic and immune system damage
• 1 https://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-depletion
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aU6pxSNDPhs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckULkfv3Hb0
CAUSES OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
The ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is associated with a number of factors. The main causes
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are listed below:
1. Chlorofluorocarbons
• Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion. These are released by
solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.
• The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are broken down by the ultraviolet radiations
and release chlorine atoms. These atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
2. Unregulated Rocket Launches
• Researchers say that the unregulated launching of rockets result in depletion of ozone like CFCs . If not
controlled, this might result in a huge loss of the ozone layer by the year 2050.
3. Nitrogenous Compounds
• The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2, NO, N2O are highly responsible for the depletion of the ozone
layer.
4. Natural Causes
• The ozone layer has been found to be depleted by certain natural processes such as stratospheric winds. But it
does not cause more than 1-2% of the ozone layer depletion. The volcanic eruptions are also responsible for
the depletion of the ozone layer
EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
The depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the environment. Let us see the major effects of
ozone layer depletion on man and environment.
1. Effects on Human Health
• The humans will be directly exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun due to the depletion
of the ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues among humans, such as skin diseases,
cancer, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing, and weekend immune system.
• Increase chance of skin cancers;
• Cause or acceleration of eye cataracts development;
• Reduce effectiveness of the immune system;

2. Effects on Animals
• Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.
3. Effects on the Environment
• Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests also
have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.
4. Effects on Marine Life
• Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These are higher in the aquatic
food chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms present in the lower food chain are also affected.
• Damage to ocean ecosystems and reduced fish yield (by killing microbial organisms in the ocean).
Solutions to ozone layer depletion
 Products that release Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as cosmetics, hair sprays, room fresheners, etc.
should be avoided.
 Chemical fertilizers used in agriculture should be replaced with organic ones.
 Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products
• Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and bromine releasing chemicals that find a way into the
atmosphere and affect the ozone layer. These should be substituted with natural products to protect the
environment.
 The Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited
• The government should take actions and prohibit the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is adversely
affecting the ozone layer. People should be made aware of the harmful effects of nitrous oxide and the
products emitting the gas so that its use is SJCET/CE/PRG/EIA/MODULE
minimized at the 4/2020individual level as well.
 Minimize the Use of Vehicles
• The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming as well as ozone
depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be minimized as much as possible.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Climate change: Refer previous slides
• Conservation of species - Extinction of a single species of plant or animal results in a dramatic

imbalance in the ecosystem, as a number of other species dependent on it directly or indirectly are also
affected. Over the last century or so, several plants and animal species have become extinct thus
resulting in a major loss for the biodiversity of the planet.
• Energy crisis: The fact that we are largely dependent on fossil fuels for our energy requirements has
made us significantly vulnerable to severe energy crisis.
• Exploitation of natural resources: mining, agriculture, fishing etc., has resulted in drastic degradation
of our natural resources. While mining and agriculture have triggered large-scale deforestation, over
fishing has resulted in the reduction of population of marine creatures inhabiting the planet. If the trends
continue, we are bound to exhaust those natural resources on which we are dependent, and thus dig our
own graves SJCET/CE/PRG/EIA/MODULE 4/2020
Land degradation
 Land degradation—the deterioration or loss of the productive capacity of the soils for present and
future
 It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable
 This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation
has upon agricultural productivity, the environment, and its effects on food security.
 Land degradation is one of the world’s most important environmental problems and it will worsen
without rapid remedial action. Globally, about 25 percent of the total land area has been degraded
 Scientists recently warned that 24 billion tons of fertile soil was being lost per year, largely due to
unsustainable agriculture practices.
Causes include:
• Land clearance, such as clearcutting and deforestation

• Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices
• Livestock including overgrazing and overdrafting
• Inappropriate irrigation and overdrafting
• Urban sprawl and commercial development
• Vehicle off-roading
• Quarrying of stone, sand, ore and minerals
• Exposure of naked soil after harvesting by heavy equipment
• Dumping of non-biodegradable trash, such as plastics
• Monoculture,
• Climate Change
• Population
• Human activities
• Urbanization – fertilizers-etc
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradation)
Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. This can include
clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing
Deforestation has greatly altered landscapes around the world. About 2,000 years ago, 80 percent of Western
Europe was forested; today the figure is 34 percent. In North America, about half of the forests in the eastern
part of the continent were cut down from the 1600s to the 1870s for timber and agriculture
• Population explosion forest land cleared off for human settlement
• Demand for forest products like timber fire wood paper etc
• Grazing of animals – loss of porosity , soil erosion and desertification
• Pest attack
• Decreases the availability of forest products
• Scarcity of fuel food & deterioration of economy and quality of life of people residing near forest
area
• Lowering of water table
• Rise in CO2
 Atmospheric
• Deforestation is a contributor to global warming and is often cited as one of the major causes of the
enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world
greenhouse gas emissions
• But recent calculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
contribute about 12% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.
• Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces
a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes
global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect. Plants remove carbon in the form of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon
dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.
• Only when actively growing can a tree or forest remove carbon, by storing it in plant tissues. Both the
burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.
 Biodiversity
• Deforestation on a human scale results in decline in biodiversity, and on a natural global scale is known
to cause the extinction of many species. The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted
in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
 Hydrological
• The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and
release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire this water,
resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater
as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to
extract .Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue
IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE
 Rate of development, coupled with a steady increase in human population, is placing significant stress on
our native wildlife populations. Land that may once have been a habitat for wildlife species is being
converted into residential and commercial developments, roads and other uses.The development of land
and related activities impact both the quantity and quality of wildlife habitat
 The loss of habitat through the conversion of land from its natural state to a developed landscape
represents the single greatest impact of increased human activity on native wildlife. All animal species
require certain habitat features to survive. Development typically eliminates or significantly changes
many important habitat features found in a natural area thereby altering the habitat value of that area
• Habitat destruction includes phenomena such as massive deforestation, draining or filling
wetlands, the demolition of riverbanks, and the exploitation of fossil fuels. Landscapes are so rapidly
changing that plant and animal species are destroyed or forced to migrate. Habitats are no longer able
to support the wildlife that resides within them.
• Habitat fragmentation is a process whereby large tracts of the natural landscape are gradually
developed and subdivided until only patches of original habitat remain. The patches are often too
small and too far apart to support the survival and reproductive needs of many wildlife species during
various stages of their life-cycle or in different times of the year. Linear projects are generally
responsible for fragmentation of habitats i.e. road, railway or pipeline projects. This results in both
habitat loss and the fragmentation of the remaining parts. When a species’ habitat is separated by such
distances that make movement from one area to another impossible, the impacts on the health of the
population are significant and reduce a species’ ability to reproduce.
 In case of habitat degradation, the terrain may look untouched, but the degraded condition will lead to
species disappearance or migration. Degradation is a result of the development of agriculture, pollution,
urbanism, the frequency of fire, the lack of food and water for wild species, mining, etc. During habitat
degradation, water, air, and soil pollution occurs. This may be followed by the settlement of invasive
species that endanger the native ones.
 CHANGING AQUATIC HABITAT
• Development can also affect the quality and quantity of aquatic habitats. Increased amounts of
hard surface can reduce the ability of rainwater to infiltrate the soil.
• Rainwater instead runs off the land at an increased volume and rate. This has the potential to reduce the
recharge of groundwater and increase flooding
• The water gets contaminated and the level of heat in the water rises beyond the expectations of
life. That make adverse impacts in the aquatic environment.
• Unsustainable fishing
• Shipping impact
 Vegetation cover is also significantly impacted by human activities. Changes in land use resulting
from human activities such as urbanization and agriculture are important factors influencing the
spatial pattern of vegetation.
 The expansion of farmland and built-up areas, and excessive deforestation has caused land
degradation and soil erosion, and consequently degrade the vegetation cover

Impacts of Pollutants and Climate Change

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Impacts of Pollutants and Climate Change

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CE469

• Impacts of pollutants, types, scale of impact - Global, local pollutants.

• Deforestation, land degradation, Impact of development on

• Pollution is explained as any substance introduced into the environment that

on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.

• Gases like CO2, SO2, NO2 etc.

• Solid substances like lead, mercury,

• Natural substances like pollen grains

• Sewage and radioactive substances:

aldehyde, ketones, various sulphate & nitrate salts

micro meter. Examples are ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.

can be decomposed by microorganisms are also called bio-degradable pollutants.

plastics, pesticides, etc

•Soil Pollution (or Land Pollution)

Based on Nature of pollutants:

• Local Pollutants = experienced near the source of the emission

• Fluorinated gases: chlorofluorocarbons, etc

Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation

Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp, and farmland

Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands

1. Effects on Human Health

• Increase chance of skin cancers;

• Cause or acceleration of eye cataracts development;

• Reduce effectiveness of the immune system;

4. Effects on Marine Life

 Chemical fertilizers used in agriculture should be replaced with organic ones.

 Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products

 The Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited

• Climate change: Refer previous slides

• Conservation of species - Extinction of a single species of plant or animal results in a dramatic

 It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable

• Land clearance, such as clearcutting and deforestation

species that endanger the native ones.

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