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Understanding basic principle Types of excitation Components of excitation system Brief Description of most commonly used Excitation systems in power generating plants:
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
STATOR
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. d/ dt K = constant L = length exposed to flux d/ dt = rate of change of flux Frequency of induced Voltage F = NP / 120 Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and speed of rotation decides frequency of generated voltage
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270 0 90 180
360
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Flux in the generator rotor is produced by feeding DC supply in the field coils, thus forming a 2 pole magnet of rotor
The Equipment for supply, control and monitoring of this DC supply is called the Excitation system
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TYPES OF EXCITATION
Different types of excitation systems 1.DC excitation system upto 100/110 MW units 2.Static excitation system 3.Brush less excitation system Static excitation system is used in 200 MW units Brush less excitation system is used in 500 MW units
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G
Rectifier Transformer Slip Ring Generator
PT
Voltage Regulator
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Manual Control 14
AVR
AUTO MAN
15.75 kV
FB
FF
FDR
415 v AC
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Static Excitation system Contd.. Crowbar is used across field terminals to prevent over voltages A resistor will be connected across the terminals of field at the time of tripping to de excite the machine Search coils are used to check the healthiness of the thysristors
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Field Breaker
F LD IE TH R O Y IS R B ID E R G
v oltag re lato e gu r G N R TO E E A R
Crow Bar
From TGMCC- C
Pre Excitation
415/40V,10KVA
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Field flashing
It is required for initial excitation as no power is available to excitation system For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply . Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %. From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit. 70 % above flashing gets cut-off
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BRUSH GEAR
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Brushless excitation
FIELD BREAKER
ARMATURE ROTATING DIODES
R Y B
GENERATO R
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Pilot Exciter
Main Exciter
Generator
Armature
Field
N
Armature
Rotating Rectifier
Field
Armature CT
PT 3 Ph AC Field
Rotor
Thyristor Rectifier
DC
Voltage Regulator
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Manual Control
23
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Brushless excitation
Brush less excitor consists of a 3-phase permanent magnet pilot exciter , the output of which is rectified and controlled by Thyristor voltage regulator to provide variable d.c. current for the main exciter. The 3-phase are induced in the rotor of the main exciter and is rectified by the rotating diodes and to the field winding of generator through the d.c. leads fed in the rotor shaft.
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Brushless excitation
Since the rotating rectifier bridge is mounted on the rotor, the slip rings are not required and the output of the rectifier is connected directly to the field winding through the generator rotor shaft. A common shaft carries the rectifier wheels, the rotor of the main exciter and permanent magnet rotor of the pilot exciter.
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Pilot exciter
The three phase pilot exciter is a 16 pole revolving-field Permanent magnet generator Each pole consists of 12 separate permanent magnets which are housed in a non-magnetic metallic enclosure It supplies 220 v 400 hz supply to main exciter AVR is connected at the output of this pilot exciter Field breaker is also provided at the output only
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Pilot Exciter:
Apparent power Current Voltage Speed Poles Frequency : : : : : : 65 KVA 195 A 220 V 3000 rpm 16 400 HZ
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PMG
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The three-phase main exciter is a six-pole revolving armature unit. Stator consists of field Rotor produces three phase supply to feed to rectifier wheels quadrature-axis coil is fitted for inductive measurement of the exciter current. Rotating diode assembly on the shaft rectifies this voltage and supplies to field winding through the shaft Stroboscope technique is used to check the healthiness of the diodes 60 diodes per wheel and two wheels will be there.
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Main Exciter :
Active power Current Voltage Speed Poles Frequency : : : : : : 3780 KW 6300 A 600 V 3000 rpm 6 150 HZ
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MAIN EXCITER
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Fan
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AVR
21 KV
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Brushless Exciter
High response excitation with fast acting AVR Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and generator field Stroboscope for fuse failure detection Rotor Earth fault monitoring system RC circuit to avoid over voltages Dehumidifier for use during shut down
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Type of system.
Brushless system gets activated with pilot exciter, main exciter and rotating diodes.
Static excitation system uses thyristors & taking supply from output of the generator Field flashing supply required for excitation build up.
No external source requirement since pilot exciter has permanent magnet field. Slower than static type since control is indirect (on the field of main exciter) and magnetic components involved. One additional bearing and an increase in the shaft length are required. Less since slip rings and brushes are avoided.
Very fast response in the order of 40 ms. due to the direct control and solid state devices employed. No additional bearing and increase in shaft length are required. More since slip rings and brushes are required. Also over hang vibrations are very high resulting in faster wear and tear.
Requirement of additional bearing and increase of turbo generator shaft length. Maintenance.
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EXCITER COOLING
VAPOUR EXHAUST
COOLER
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GENERATOR
I XG EF = I . XG + VT
EF
VT
GENERATOR
Phasor diagram of the Generator Ef
IL.Xd IL VT
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GCB G
GT
GENERATOR
Xd
XT
Ef
VT
Vbus
GENERATOR
Vector Diagram of Generator and GT connected to an infinite bus EF IL.Xd IL Vbus VT IL.XT
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GENERATOR
In the equivalent Circuit and Phasor diagram, the notations used have the following description: Vbus VT EF : : : Infinite bus voltage Generator Terminal Voltage Induced Voltage (behind synchronous Impedance) of Generator, proportional to excitation. Direct axis sync. Reactance assumed same as quadrature axis sync. Reactance Transformer reactance Load Current Phase angle Torque Angle (rotor/load angle)
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Xd
XT IL
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: : : :
GENERATOR
POWER ANGLE EQUATION
Referring to the phasor diagram on slide no.14; Sin / IL.{Xd+XT} = Sin (90+ ) / EF
Putting Xd+XT =X, and multiplying both sides by VIL, V Sin /X = VIL Cos / EF
= =
VIL Cos EF . V / X
Note that the Electrical Power Output varies as the Sin of Load angle
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Power in pu
T rq e an le d ram o u g iag
1 .2 1
30 60 90 12 15
0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0
Angle in degrees
3 0
6 0
18
0 .8
9 0
1 20
150
10 8
A g in d re n le eg es
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red N ROTOR S N
S blue
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STATOR
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P2 P1
2 I2 I1 Vbus
Locus of P = const. Steam Flow constant; Excitation increased Power output Constant EF1 EF2
2 I2 I1 Vbus
I Cos = Constant
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EXCITATION CHANGE
52
Excitation Control
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 P o w e r An g le Dia g ra m s fo r Diffe re nt Ex cita tio n L e ve ls
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AVR
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AVR
There are two independent control systems 1. Auto control 2. Manual control The control is effected on the 3 phase output of the pilot exciter and provides a variable d.c. input to the main exciter
The feedback of voltage and current output of the generator is fed to avr where it is compared with the set point generator volts se from the control room
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AVR
The main components of the voltage Regulator are two closed loop control systems each followed by separate gate control unit and thyristor set and de excitation equipment Control system 1 for automatic generator voltage control (AUTO) comprises the following
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AVR
Generator voltage control The output quantity of this control is the set point for a following.
Excitation current regulator, controlling the field current of the main exciter
Circuits for automatic excitation build-up during start up and field suppression during shut-down
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AVR
This equipment acts on to the output of the generator voltage, control, limiting the set point for the above excitation current regulator. The stationary value of this limitation determines the maximum possible excitation current set-point (field forcing limitation); Limiter for the under-excited range (under excitation limiter), Delayed limiter for the overexcited range (over excitation limiter)
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AVR
In the under excitation range, the under excitation ensures that the minimum excitation required for stable parallel operation of the generator with the system is available and that the under -excited reactive power is limited accordingly
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AVR
Control system 2(manual) mainly comprises a second excitation current regulator with separate sensing for the actual value this control system is also called manual control system, because for constant generator voltage manual re-adjusting of the excitation current set-point is required
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AVR
The set-point adjuster of the excitation current regulator for manual is tracked automatically (followup control) so that, in the event of faults, change over to the manual control system is possible without delay Automatic change over is initiated by some special fault condition. Correct operation of the follow-up control circuit is monitored and can be observed on a matching instrument in the control room. This instrument can also be used for manual matching.
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AVR
The manual change over command is normally issued from the control room. Push buttons AUTO, MATCH, MANUAL are provided for manual change over. The MATCH push button must be actuated prior to manual change over.
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AVR
Following this the RAISE, LOWER push buttons must be actuated for matching the o/p value of set point adjuster for MANUAL or the set point adjuster for AUTO to actual excitation state. When matched state is reached the matching instrument in the control room indicates zero. Since different controlled variables are associated to the MANUAL and AUTO modes of operation, matching must not be effected by balancing of the set point adjuster position, which are also indicated in the control room.
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AVR
Change over to MANUAL or AUTO is only possible after the MATCH condition has been selected and is done by remnant relay module in gate control set. When all the conditions for change over are fulfilled, change over is initiated by actuating pushbutton MANUAL or AUTO. The stored commands MATCH or AUTO are cancelled by check back signal gate control set MANUAL ON or gate control set AUTO ON.
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AVR
FAULT INDICATIONS The following alarms are issued from the voltage regulator to the control room. AVR fault AVR automatic change over to MANUAL AVR loss of voltage alarm
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AVR
The current feedback is utilized for active and reactive power compensation and for limiters
Excitation Interlocks
Preconditions for Excitation ON
Excitation ON command N>90% Protection Off FCB Off feedback External trip GCB is OFF
5s delay
Excitation ON
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Exc OFF command GCB OFF N>90% GCB OFF External trip Delay 1sec Exc OFF
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Capability Curve
Capability Curve relates to the limits in which a generator can Operate safely. Boundaries of the Curve within with the machine will operate safely Lagging Power Factor/Overexcited region Top Section Relates to Field Heating in Rotor Winding Right Section Relates to Stator current Limit Straight line relates to Prime Mover Output Leading Power Factor/ Underexicted region Lower Side relates to Stator end ring Limit Further down relates to Pole slipping
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Limiters The limiters of the excitation system ensure an operation within the generator capability curve The characteristics of the limiters are within the power characteristics
P,Active power O
Core end heating limit
Armature heating limit
M
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Points within the M-N-O-P-Q are allowed in the generator characteristics. Section M-O regards UEL stability limit Section O-P regards the stator current limit- maintain the stator temp raise within the limits Section P-Q regards the generator rotor current limit limit the rotor temp raise Section O-P-Q allow dynamic overshooting with an adjustable PI characteristic Types Over excitation limiter Under excitation limiter Rotor angle limiter Stator current limiter V/F limiter
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LIMITERS
Over excitation limiter Under excitation limiter Rotor angle limiter Stator current limiter V/F limiter
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V/F limiter
Also known as over fluxing limiter It is the protection function for the GT V/F ratio , eddy current , the local eddy current causes thermal over loading of GT In DVR mode V/F ratio is continuously monitors the limit violation In case V/F ratio crosses the limit characteristic, the upper limit as the effective AVR set point is reduced as a function of V/F ratio This limiter is used when it is required to keep the unit operating even in case of substantial frequency drops , for instance in order to prevent complete breakdown of the system, a V/F limiter is used to lower the voltage proportional with frequency drop July 8, 2011 PMI Revision 00 86
2 nd priority
3 rd priority
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
----Monitor terminal voltage Stator current limiter active ----Reduce excitation by decreasing AVR set point Over excitation limiter active -----Reduce excitation AVR set point Under excitation limiter active ----Increase excitation Increase AVR set point V/F limiter active ----Reduce excitation AVR set point Rotor angle limiter active ----Increase excitation Increase aVR set point Fans on aux supply ----Switch over to main supply
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THANK YOU
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