STRUCTURE (Skill 1-10) Students

PREPARATION COURSE
TOEFL
(Test of English as a Foreign Language)
More than just an English

course
SECTION TWO
STRUCTURE

course
STRUCTURE:
 The 2nd section of TOEFL Test

 Has 40 questions and 25 minutes to finish them in this
section
 Two Types of questions:
1. Structure (1 – 15)
2. Written Expression (16 – 40)

 The questions progress from the easiest to the most difficult
ones.

course
GENERAL STRATEGIES
 Be familiar with the directions

 Begin with questions 1 through 15
 Continue with questions 16 through 40
 If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15
 Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet
 Guess to complete the section before time is up

course
THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
 1st type of this section

 Have 15 questions
 Test your knowledge of correct structure of
English sentences.

course
Example:
Homo Sapiens ………….. About 40.000 years ago
A. their first appearance
B. first appeared
C. first appearing
D. they first appeared

course
PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
1. First, study the sentences
2. Then, study each answer based on how well it

completes the sentences.
3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answer by

looking at the answers.

course
S K I L LS

course
SKILL 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS
1. A sentence in English must have at least one
subject and one verb.
Ex: I teach TOEFL every Monday

S V
2. Common Types of Problems are:

A. Subject is missing
b. Verb is missing
c. S and V are missing
d. Has extra S or V
course
Example 1
______ was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells

course
Example 2
Newspapers _______ every morning and every

evening.
(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
course
Example 3
The plane __________ landing at the airport in

five minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be
course
Exercise 1
___I___ 1. My best friend always helpful with problems
___C__ 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week
______ 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor
______ 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes
______ 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students

course
Exercise 1
______ 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours
______ 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop
______ 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly
______ 9. Walking with the children to School
______ 10. The whales headed south for the winter

course
SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
 An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun

that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of,
to,
by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.
The trip (to the island) (on Saturday)
will last (for three hours).
 An object of preposition can cause confusion in the

structure of the TOEFL test.

course
Example
To Mike ____ was a big surprise.

(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) When
A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is

called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object
of a preposition, it is not the subject

course
Exercise 2
___C__ 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack
____I_ 2. By the next meeting of the class need to

turn in the papers
______ 3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty

unclear
______ 4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the

night, the walkways are muddy
______ 5. During the past week eat lunch in the

school cafeteria

course
Exercise 2
______ 6. In the morning after the concert was tired
______ 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is

our favorite trip
______ 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the

hallway of the house
______ 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door
______ 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on

the table beside the bed rang

course
Exercise (Skills 1-2)
Page 74 - 75

course
EXERCISE (Skills 1—2):
1. During the meeting in the office discussed the
schedule.
2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.
4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new
battery
5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices
every morning.
6. In the office of the building across the street
from the park on the corner.
7. The dishes in the sink really need to be
course
8. In a moment of worry about the problem
with the cash in the account.
9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes
under the window in the kitchen are watered
and fed.

course
SKILL 3 : PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Present Participle : Verb + ing
e.g. arriving, teaching, studying
It can function as:
1. a part of the verb

2. an adjective

course
1. As a part of the verb
 If present participle (verb + ing) is accompanied by

be (am, is, are), it is a part of the VERB
Ex.
1. The train is arriving at station on time

Part of Verb
2. The students are speaking English with the teacher

Part of Verb

course
2. As an Adjective
 If present participle (verb + ing) is not accompanied by be,

it is an adjective
Ex.
1. The train arriving at station is now an hour late

adjective
2. The students speaking with the teachers are from class 10
adjective

course
Example
The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my

favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) Was

course
Exercise 3
___C__ 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up

adjective
____I_ 2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the
washing machine Subject Verb
______ 3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting

diners
______ 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line
______ 5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking boy
More than just an English course

Exercise 3
______ 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the

sky
______ 7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight
______ 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk
______ 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes a go
______ 10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to

the area
More than just an English course

SKILL 4: PAST PARTICIPLES
Past Participle: Regular verb and Irregular verb (Verb3)
e.g. studied, taught, played
It can function as:
1. a part of the verb

2. an adjective

course
1. A part of the verb
 Past Participle is a part of verb if it appears with have/has

 Past Participle is a part of verb if it is accompanied by be.
Ex.
1. The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox
2. The classes were taught by Professor Smith

course
2. As an Adjective
 Past Participle is an adjective if it doesn’t appear with have

or be.
 Past Participle is an adjective if it is not accompanied by
have or be.
Ex.
1. The letter left in the mailbox was for me
2. The classes taught by Professor Smith were
Moreinteresting
than just an English
course
Example
The bread ____ baked this morning smelled

delicious.

(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) Just

course
Exercise 4
___I__ 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious
____C_ 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway
______ 3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime
______ 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required

course
______ 5. The teacher found the lost exam

course
Exercise 4
______ 6. The small apartment very crowded and

disorganized
______ 7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and

his friends
______ 8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels
______ 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into
logs
______ 10. The students registered in this course are listed on

that sheet of paper

course
SKILL 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS
COORDINATE CONNECTORS:
and, but, or, so
 Many sentences in English have more than one clause
 Clause is a group of words containing a Subject and a Verb
 Two clauses in English sentences are connected by a

Coordinate Connector (and, but, or, so )

course
Look at the sentences below:
 The sun was shining, and the sky was blue
 The sky was blue, but it was very cold
 It may rain tonight, or it may be clear
 It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella

course
Example
I forgot my coat, _______ I got very cold.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result

course
Coordinate Connectors
and but or so
S V Coor. Connectors S V
It was raining, but Bill went out

course
Exercise 5
__C__ 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown
__I __ 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read
______ 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping
______ 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces

have been sewn together
______ 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel
much better

course
Exercise 5
______ 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will

turned off
______ 7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold
______ 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed
excellent
______ 9. The leaves kept falling off the tress, and the boys kept raking
them up, but the yard was still covered
______ 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the
letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will
arrive tomorrow

course
SKILL 6: ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Adverb clause connectors are
Because  Although
After  Even though
Before  Though
When  While
Until  If
Since  Whether
 As
course
Look at the sentence below:
 He is tired because he has been working hard or

 Because he has been working hard, he is tired
 He is tired = adverb clause
 He has been working hard = adverb clause
 Because = connector

course
Example
….. arrived at the library, he started to work

immediately
A. The students
B. When
C. He
D. After the student

course
Exercise 6
______ 1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main
runway
______ 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so
long
______ 3 This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some
bad side effects
______ 4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the
coastal town
______ 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not

course
Exercise 6
______ 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful
aroma filled the kitchen
______ 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family
moved into the new house
______ 8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the
springtime
______ 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while
the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to
have an accident
______ 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much
better time because the small details will not cause problems

course
Exercise (skills 5 – 6)
Page 85

course
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 5 – 6)
Page 85-85

course
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE ( Skill 5 – 6)
Page 86-87

course
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
 NCC is a clause that functions as a noun
 NCC has two functions:
 1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)

 2. As an object of a preposition
(if it follows a PREPOSITION)

course
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a VERB)
 I don’t know
 Why did she like facebook?
I don’t know why she liked facebook

S + V NOUN CLAUSE AS
OBJECT OF VERB
 I am wondering
 How long have you lived in Tangerang
I am wondering how long you have lived in
Tangerang
More than just an English Noun clause as object of a verb
course
2. As an object of a preposition
 I am thinking about
 Who did she love a lot?
I am thinking about Who she loved a lot?

S +V NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION
 I am thinking about
 Why did he say such things?
I am thinking about why he said such things
course
Example:
The citizens worry about ____ is doing.

(A) what the government
(B) the government
(C) what
(D) what the government it

course
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
 What  Who
 When  Why
 Where  Whether / If
S V noun S V
c. connector
Sally explained why she did it

course
Exercise 7
______ 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet
______ 2. She told me when should pick her up
______ 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab

located
______ 4. We could not believe what he did to us
______ 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow

course
Exercise 7
______ 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not
______ 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do
______ 8. The manager explained how wanted the worked done
______ 9. The map showed where the party would be held
______ 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today

course
SKILL 8: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR / SUBJECTS
• In skill 7 NCC is used to introduce noun clause

• NCC is not just a connector but also a subject of the
clause at the same time
• NCC/subjects have two functions:

course
• I know what happened yesterday

noun clause as object of verb
• I know what happened yesterday

S V

course
 We are thinking about what happened yesterday

noun clause as object of preposition
 We are thinking about what happened yesterday

S V

course
Example
The company was prepared for ________

happened with the economy.
(A) it
(B) the problem
(C) what
(D) When

course
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS
WHO WHAT WHICH
S V noun clause V
connector/what
Al told me what happened

course
Exercise 8
C
______ 1. The teacher heard who answered the questions
I
______ 2. I do not understand what it went wrong
______ 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best
______ 4. She did not remember who in her class
______ 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building

course
Exercise 8
______ 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy
______ 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die
______ 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the

program
______ 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president
______ 10. She saw what in the box in the closet

course
Exercise (skill 7-8)
Page 90

course
TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILL 7-8)
Page 91

course
SKILL 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
 An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the

clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the
noun that it describes.
This is the house that I want to

buy Adjective clause
The house that I want to buy is quite expensive

Adjective clause
course
Example
The job …….. Started yesterday was rather difficult
(A) When
(B)Was
(C) after
(D)that he

course
Charts Lists
Adjective Clause Connectors

whom which that
(for people) (for things) (for people or thing)
S V Adjective clause connector S V

I Like the dress you are wearing
that
S Adjective clause connector S V V

The dress you are wearing is beautiful
that

course
Exercise 9
__C__ 1. I did not believe the story that he told me
__I __ 2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job,
will start work tomorrow
______ 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly

written
______ 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom

you recommended
______ 5. The phone number that you gave me

course
Exercise 9
______ 6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause
______ 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned
______ 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have

no seen in several years
______ 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?
______ 10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their
history teacher

course
SKILL 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS
 In skill 9, ACC can be used to introduce clauses that

describe
nouns.
• In skill 10, ACC is not just a connector, ACC can also be
SUBJECT of the clause at the same time
We are looking at a house that is quite expensive

Adjective clause
The house that is quite expensive seems like a great

house
More than Adjective clause
just an English
course
Example
……….just dropped off a package for you is my sister
(A) The woman

(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman

course
Charts Lists
Adjective Clause Connectors/Subjects

who which that
(for people) (for things) (for people or thing)
S V Adjective clause connector/subject V

I bought the dress was on sale
that
S Adjective clause connector/subject V V

The dress Was on sale was beautiful
that

course
Exercise 10
__C__ 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick
__I __ 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the
election
______ 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor
______ 4. I took two of blue pills, which were very effective
______ 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does

he won the buildings on Maple Street

course
Exercise 10
______ 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:30
______ 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday
will fail the class
______ 8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back
______ 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements

they are difficult
______ 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were
living down the street

course

STRUCTURE (Skill 1-10) Students

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

STRUCTURE (Skill 1-10) Students

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PREPARATION COURSE

More than just an English

More than just an English

 The 2nd section of TOEFL Test

2. Written Expression (16 – 40)

More than just an English

 Be familiar with the directions

More than just an English

 1st type of this section

More than just an English

Homo Sapiens ………….. About 40.000 years ago

A. their first appearance

D. they first appeared

More than just an English

1. First, study the sentences

2. Then, study each answer based on how well it

3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answer by

More than just an English

More than just an English

Ex: I teach TOEFL every Monday

2. Common Types of Problems are:

______ was ringing continuously for hours.

More than just an English

Newspapers _______ every morning and every

The plane __________ landing at the airport in

___I___ 1. My best friend always helpful with problems

___C__ 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week

______ 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor

______ 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes

______ 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students

More than just an English

______ 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours

______ 9. Walking with the children to School

______ 10. The whales headed south for the winter

More than just an English

 An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun

 An object of preposition can cause confusion in the

More than just an English

To Mike ____ was a big surprise.

A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is

More than just an English

___C__ 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack

____I_ 2. By the next meeting of the class need to

______ 3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty

______ 4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the

______ 5. During the past week eat lunch in the

More than just an English

______ 6. In the morning after the concert was tired

______ 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is

______ 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the

______ 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on

More than just an English

More than just an English

More than just an English

Present Participle : Verb + ing

e.g. arriving, teaching, studying

It can function as:

1. a part of the verb

More than just an English

 If present participle (verb + ing) is accompanied by

1. The train is arriving at station on time

2. The students are speaking English with the teacher

More than just an English

 If present participle (verb + ing) is not accompanied by be,

_I_ 1. My best friend always helpful with problems

_C 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week

_C 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack

_C 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up

_I 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious

I 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read