STRUCTURE &

WRITEN EXPRESSION
 BE FAMILIAR WITH THE QUESTION & INSTRUCTION

1) STRUCTURE -> completing a sentence with a word,

a phrase, or a group of both which is correct both
logically and grammatically
General 2) WRITTEN EXPRESSION -> identifying the error in a
sentence.
Tips 3) Questions number 1-5 & 16-20 are the easiest.
4) Questions number 11-15 & 36-40 are the most
difficult.
5) Never leave any blank answers.
 1) Syllable: kosakata
2) Word: kata (ada banyak kelas kata)
STRUCTURAL 3) Phrase: frasa, kumpulan kata
UNITS OF 4) Clause: klausa, kumpulan kata yang memiliki Subjek & Predikat
LANGUAGE (S & V)
5) Sentence: kumpulan kata dan atau klausa yang memiliki ide
yang utuh. Minimal memiliki 1 subjek dan 1 predikat
 Word class Example
Noun Countable: book, apple, pencil, building, cow, person
Uncountable : water, air, love, sadness, milk, rice,
etc.
Verb Auxiliary: be, do, have, modals
Physical: write, read, build, run, stop, cook, make,
etc.
Mental: love, hate, know, recognize, believe, feel,

Words Adjective
think, understand, etc.
Beautiful, quick, good, cloudy, sad, happy
-ing:
-ed:
Adverb Beautifully, quickly, well, sadly, happily, always, rarely
Preposition In, on, at, below, for, about, of, to, upon, right
Modal Will, can, would, could, must, shall, should, etc.
Pronoun I, you, they, we, she, he, it, etc.
Structure

● Identify what is lacking from the sentence. The subject? The

verb? Or the other parts?
 BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURE

I sleeps at 9 pm everyday
s v
The cat sleeps
s v
Structure Vegetables are an excellent source of vitamins
s v
Swimming is my hobby
s v

A sentence with 1 clause have only 1 subject and 1 verbs

Subject: nouns or pronouns or gerunds

SUBJECT &
VERB
HOW TO ANSWER:
1) Look for the verb of the sentence
2) Look for the subject of the sentence
3) Choose a choice which complete the sentence WITHOUT causing double
subject or double verb.
 1. My best friend always helpful with problems. (C/I)
2. The bus schedule has changed since last week. (C/I)
3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor (C/I)
Correct or 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes (C/I)

Incorrect? 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students (C/I)

6. Each day practiced the piano for hours (C/I)
7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop (C/I)
How does it
like in TOEFL
questions?
PROBLEMS WITH
SUBJECT
WHICH ONE IS The trip to the island on Saturday will last for three hours.
THE SUBJECT?
Nouns after a preposition (object of preposition) IS NOT the Subject of the sentence

Preposition: in, on, at, for, from, by, of, about, to, during, below, upon, across, etc.
OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION
HOW TO ANSWER:
1) Look for the verb of the sentence
2) Look for the subject of the sentence
3) REMEMBER! Nouns after preposition IS NOT the Subject
 1. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear. (C/I)
2. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night, the walkways are (C/I)
Correct or muddy.

Incorrect? 3. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.

4. In the morning after the concert was tired.
(C/I)
(C/I)
5. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip. (C/I)
How does it
like in TOEFL
questions?
 Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.
WHICH ONE
IS THE
SUBJECT OF
THE APPOSITIVE is an additional information that modify the Subject or Object.
SENTENCE? HOW TO LOCATE APPOSITIVE? Look for comma (,)
1) In the middle of a sentence: Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.
2) At the beginning of a sentence: A really good mechanic, Tom Is fixing the car.
 ___________, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play

APPOSITIVES
HOW TO ANSWER:
1) Look for the verb of the sentence
2) Look for any commas (,) for possible appositive
3) Determine for the subject of the sentence
4) REMEMBER! Without comma, Appositive may cause double subject/ verb
 1. Valentine's Day, February 14, is a special holiday for (C/I)
sweethearts.
2. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to (C/I)
step down.
Correct or 3. Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste (C/I)
Incorrect? any better tonight than last night.
4. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked (C/I)
at all times.
PROBLEMS WITH
VERB
 1) The man is talking to his friends.

WHICH IS THE 2) The man talking to his friends has a beard.

VERB OF THE 3) The family has purchased a television.

SENTENCE? 4) The television purchased yesterday was expensive.

 PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

● AS VERB ● AS VERB
Continuous form ( to be + perfect form (has/have/had
+V3)
PRESENT & Ving)
passive form (to be +V3)
PAST ● AS ADJECTIVE
PARTICIPLE before a noun & without to
● AS ADJECTIVE
without any additions
be

● AS SUBJECT
At the beginning of
sentence
HOW TO ANSWER:
1) Look for the SUBJECT of the sentence
2) Look for the VERB
3) Be careful of V-ing and V3, Look for any to be or has/have before V-ing or V3
4) Determine which one is the Verb of the sentence
 1. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. (C/I)
2. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required (C/I)
courses.
3. The teacher found the lost exam. (C/I)
CORRECT OR 4. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. (C/I)

INCORRECT? 5. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting

diners.
(C/I)

6. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line. (C/I)
7. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll. (C/I)
8. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky. (C/I)
How does it
like in TOEFL
questions?