TEACHING

PROFISSIONAL
RAZONA, JOHN GERON
I. BSED MATH
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PHILOSOPHIES
OF EDUCATION
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ESSENTIALISM
The essentialist curriculum
includes the "traditional
disciplines such as math, natural
science, history, foreign
language, and literature.
Essentialist programs are
academically rigorous.
Emphasize mastery of subject
matter.
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ESSENTIALISM
WHY TO TEACH

• This philosophy contends that

teachers teach for learners to
acquire basic knowledge, skills and
values.

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ESSENTIALISM
WHAT TO TEACH
• The emphasis is on the academic
content for students to learn the
basic skills and fundamental r’s
– reading, writing, arithmetic and
right conduct.
• The teachers and
administratorsdecide what is
most importantfor the students to
learn.
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ESSENTIALISM
HOW TO TEACH
• Essentialist teachers emphasize
the mastery of the subject matter. 
• They are expected to be
intellectual and moral models of
their students.
• They are seen as “fountain of
knowledge” and as “paragon of
virtue”. 
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PROGRESSIVISM
Progressivism is the belief that
education should focus on the whole
child, rather than on the content or
the teacher. Definition Progressivism
is a theory of education that is
concerned with "learning by doing
"that children learn best when
pursuing their own interests and
satisfying their own needs.

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PROGRESSIVISM
WHY TO TEACH

• Progressivist teachers teach to

develop learners into becoming
enlightened and intelligent citizens
of a democratic society

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PROGRESSIVISM
WHAT TO TEACH
• The progressivists are identified
with need-based and relevant
curriculum. 
• The curriculum should respond to
students’ needs and that relates
to students’ personal lives and
experiences.

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PROGRESSIVISM
HOW TO TEACH

• Progressivist teachers employ

experiential methods

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PERENNIALISM
Perennialists believe that the
focus of education should be the
ideas that have lasted over
centuries. They believe the ideas
are as relevant and meaningful
today as when they were
written.

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PERENNIALISM
WHY TO TEACH

• To develop the students’ rational

and moral powers.

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PERENNIALISM
WHAT TO TEACH 

• The perennialist curriculum is a

universal one on that all
human beings possess the same
essential nature.
• It is not a specialist curriculum but
rather a general one.

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PERENNIALISM
HOW TO TEACH
 The perennialist classrooms are
“centered around teachers”. 
 The students do not allow the
students’ interests and
experiences to substantially
dictate what they teach.

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EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialists believe that every
individual is unique and education
must cater to the individual
differences

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EXISTENTIALISM
WHY TO TEACH
 To help students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique
individuals who accept complete
responsibility for their thoughts,
feelings and actions.
 To help students to define their
own essence by exposing them to
various paths they take in life

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EXISTENTIALISM
WHAT TO TEACH
• In an existentialist curriculum,
students are given a wide variety
way of options from which to
choose.
• Provide students with vicarious
experiences that will help unleash
their own creativity and self-
expression

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EXISTENTIALISM
HOW TO TEACH
• Existentialist methods focus on the
individual.
• They help students know
themselves and their place in
society.

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BEHAVIORSM
Teachers use behaviorism to show
students how they should react and
respond to certain stimuli. This needs
to be done in a repetitive way, to
regularly remind students what
behavior a teacher is looking for.
Positive reinforcement is key in the
behavioral learning theory.

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BEHAVIORSM
WHY TO TEACH

• Behaviorist schools are concerned

with the modification and shaping
of students’ behavior by providing
for a favorable environment.

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BEHAVIORSM
WHAT TO TEACH

• Behaviorist teachers teach

students to respond favorably to
various stimuli in the environment.

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BEHAVIORSM
HOW TO TEACH
• Behaviorist teachers ought to arrange
environmental conditions so that
students can make the responses to
stimuli.
• Teachers ought to make the stimuli clear
and interesting to capture and hold the
learners’ attention.
• They ought to provide appropriate
incentives to reinforce positive responses
and weaken eliminate the negative ones.
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LINGISTIC PHILOSOPHY
Linguistic philosophy is the view that
many or all philosophical problems
can be solved (or dissolved) by paying
closer attention to language, either by
reforming language or by
understanding the everyday language
that we presently use better.

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LINGISTIC PHILOSOPHY
WHY TO TEACH
 To develop the communication
skills of the learner.
 To develop in the learner the skill
to send messages clearly and
receive messages correctly

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LINGISTIC PHILOSOPHY
WHAT TO TEACH
• Learner should be taught to
communicate clearly how to send
clear, concise messages and how
to receive and correctly
understand messages sent.
• Communication takes place in
three (3) ways verbal, non-verbal
and paraverbal.

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LINGISTIC PHILOSOPHY
HOW TO TEACH
• Experiential is the most effective
way to teach language and
communication.
• The teacher facilitates dialogue
among learners and between
his/her students

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CONSTUCTIVISM
Constructivism is the theory that says
learners construct knowledge rather
than just passively take in
information. As people experience the
world and reflect upon those
experiences, they build their own
representations and incorporate new
information into their pre-existing
knowledge (schemas).

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CONSTUCTIVISM
WHY TO TEACH
• To develop intrinsically motivated
and independent learners
adequately equipped with learning
skills for them to construct
knowledge and make meaning of
them.

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CONSTUCTIVISM
WHAT TO TEACH
• The students are taught how to
learn. 
• They are taught learning processes
and skills such as searching,
critiquing and evaluating
information.

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CONSTUCTIVISM
HOW TO TEACH
• The teachers provide students
with data or experiences that
allow them to
hypothesize, predict, manipulate
objects, pose questions, research,
investigate, imagine and invent.

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