Advanced Reservoir

Engineering
Module 3. Material Balance Equations

1
Module Outline
• 3.1 General material balance equation
• 3.2 Dry gas reservoirs
• 3.3 Gas-condensate reservoirs
• 3.4 Undersaturated oil reservoirs
• 3.5 Saturated oil reservoirs

2
3.4 Undersaturated oil reservoirs
3.5 Saturated oil reservoirs

3
Review: MBE applied for Dry Gas

4
Review: MBE applied for Dry Gas

F vs Eg

F-?
Eg - ?

5
Review: MBE applied for Dry Gas

6
 MB as an Equation of Straight Line

[ ( )
𝐵𝑔
]
𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜+𝐵𝑔(𝑅 𝑝 −𝑅 𝑠 )]=¿𝑁 𝐵𝑜 +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅𝑠𝑖 −𝑅 𝑠)−𝐵𝑜𝑖 +𝑚𝐵 𝑜𝑖 −1 +( 1+𝑚) 𝐵 𝑜𝑖 𝑐 𝑒𝑅 ∆𝑝 +𝑊 𝑒 −𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤+𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵 𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗+𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑗
𝐵 𝑔𝑖
𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜+ 𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑝 − 𝑅 𝑠 ) ] Represents the reservoir volume of cumulative Oil and Gas produced

𝑊 𝑒 −𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤 Refers to the net water influx that is retained in the reservoir

The pressure maintenance term, represents cumulative fluid injection
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗 +𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑗 in the reservoir

𝑚𝐵𝑜 𝑖
( 𝐵𝑔
𝐵 𝑔𝑖
−1
) Represents the net expansion term of the gas cap that occurs with
the Production of Np

𝐵𝑜 +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅 𝑠 )− 𝐵𝑜𝑖 Represents the net expansion term of oil and liberation of gas

( 1+𝑚 ) 𝐵 𝑜 𝑖 𝑐 𝑒𝑅 ∆ 𝑝 Represents the net expansion term of connate water expansion and
rock compaction
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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
[ ( )𝐵𝑔
]
𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜+ 𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑝 −𝑅 𝑠 )]+𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤 =¿ 𝑁 𝐵 𝑜+ 𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑠𝑖 −𝑅 𝑠 )−𝐵 𝑜𝑖+𝑚𝐵 𝑜𝑖 −1 +( 1+𝑚 ) 𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝑐𝑒𝑅 ∆𝑝 +𝑊 𝑒+𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗 +𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑗
𝐵𝑔𝑖

𝐹 = 𝑁 [ 𝐸 𝑜+𝑚 𝐸 𝑔 + 𝐸 𝑓𝑤 ] +𝑊 𝑒 +𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵 𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗 +𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑗

𝐹 =𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜 +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑝 − 𝑅 𝑠 ) ]+𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤

𝐸𝑜 =𝐵𝑜 + 𝐵𝑔 ( 𝑅 𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅 𝑠 ) − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 =𝐵𝑡 − 𝐵𝑡𝑖

𝐸𝑔 = 𝐵𝑜 𝑖
( 𝐵𝑔
𝐵𝑔𝑖
−1
) 𝑐 𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑐 +𝑐 𝑓
𝐸 𝑓𝑤 =( 1+𝑚 ) 𝐵𝑜 𝑖 𝑐 𝑒𝑅 ∆ 𝑝=( 1+𝑚 ) 𝐵𝑜𝑖 [ ]∆ 𝑝
1 −𝑆 𝑤𝑐

8
MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Case 1. Determination of N in volumetric undersaturated
reservoirs
Case 2. Determination of N in volumetric saturated reservoirs
Case 3. Determination of N and m in gas cap drive reservoirs
Case 4. Determination of N and We in water drive reservoirs
Case 5. Determination of N, m, and We in combination drive
reservoirs
Case 6. Determination of average reservoir pressure

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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
𝐹 = 𝑁 [ 𝐸 𝑜+𝑚 𝐸 𝑔 + 𝐸 𝑓𝑤 ] +𝑊 𝑒
No initial Gas Cap
No Water Influx
No Rock Compaction and Water connate expansion

𝐹 =𝑁 𝐸𝑜 𝑦 =𝐹
𝑚= 𝑁 ( 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒)

𝑦 =𝑚𝑥

𝑥= 𝐸 𝑜
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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
Case 1. Undersaturated Oil Reservoir.
No initial Gas Cap m=0
No Water Influx We=0
Rs=Rsi – all gas dissolved in oil

𝐹 =𝑁 [ 𝐸 𝑜+𝑚 𝐸 𝑔 + 𝐸 𝑓𝑤 ] +𝑊 𝑒

𝐹 = 𝑁 ( 𝐸 𝑜 + 𝐸 𝑓𝑤 )
𝐹=𝑁 𝑝 𝐵𝑜 +𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐸𝑜 =𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖
𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑐 +𝑐 𝑓
𝐸 𝑓𝑤 =𝐵𝑜𝑖 [ ]∆ 𝑝 ∆ 𝑝=𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑔
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
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12
MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
Case 2. Saturated Oil Reservoir.
No initial Gas Cap m=0
No Water Influx We=0

𝐹 = 𝑁 [ 𝐸 𝑜+ 𝐸 𝑓𝑤 ]
𝐹 =𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜 +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑝 − 𝑅 𝑠 )]+𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐸𝑜 =( 𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅 𝑠)
𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑐 +𝑐 𝑓
𝐸 𝑓𝑤 =𝐵𝑜𝑖 [ ]∆ 𝑝
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
∆ 𝑝=𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑔

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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
Case 3. Gas Cap drive reservoir
No Water Influx We=0
unknown unknown

𝐹 =𝑁 [ 𝐸 𝑜+𝑚 𝐸 𝑔 ]
𝐹 =𝑁 𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑜 +𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑝 − 𝑅 𝑠 )]+𝑊 𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐸𝑜 =( 𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) + 𝐵𝑔 (𝑅 𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅 𝑠)

𝐸 𝑔 =𝐵𝑜𝑖
[ 𝐵𝑔
𝐵𝑔𝑖
−1
]
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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
Case 3. Gas Cap drive reservoir

𝐹 =𝑁 ( 𝐸𝑜 +𝑚 𝐸𝑔 )

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MB as an Equation of Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh method
Case 3. Gas Cap drive reservoir

( 𝐹
𝑁 )
− 𝐸𝑜 =𝑚 𝐸𝑔

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Fuentes-Cruz, G., & Vásquez-Cruz, M. A. (2022). Reservoir performance analysis through the
material balance equation: An integrated review based on field examples. Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, 208, 109377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109377
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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
Several field examples are revisited in this work through an integrated review that properly uses
analysis techniques focused on diagnostics, straight-line analysis, and pressure-production
history matching.

19
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
Diagnostic Plots for dry gas reservoir and oil reservoir to identify water drive

20
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
Limitations of MBE and ways to improve it

21
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4 case studies presented in the paper:
1) dry gas reservoir with a lateral radial aquifer
2) dry gas reservoir with linear aquifer drive
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
1) dry gas reservoir with a lateral radial aquifer

Production Data 23
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
1) dry gas reservoir with a lateral radial aquifer

Diagnostic Plots 24
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
1) dry gas reservoir with a lateral radial aquifer

25
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
1) dry gas reservoir with a lateral radial aquifer

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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
2) dry gas reservoir with linear aquifer drive

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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
2) dry gas reservoir with linear aquifer drive
Volumetric Estimation of GIIP = 1.3 – 1.65 Tscf

F/Et vs Gp
F/Et vs We/Et

Diagnostic plots 28
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
2) dry gas reservoir with linear aquifer drive

29
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
2) dry gas reservoir with linear aquifer drive

30
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding
Since its discovery in 1943, the D4 reservoir exhibited the effects from the waterdrive, gas cap
expansion, and solution-gas drive.
The D4 reservoir was classified as saturated with a gas cap, whose volume ratio (gas/oil), m,
evaluated at reservoir conditions, resulted equal to 0.0731. The original oil volume estimated via
volumetric methods was 23.1 million standard barrels (3.67 × 106 m3), and waterflooding was
initiated in November 1974 to reduce the pressure decline.

31
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding

Diagnostic Plot F/Et vs F

32
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding

Diagnostic Plot F/Et vs We/Et

Diagnostic plot showed

almost similar GIIP with
volumetric estimate

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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding

34
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
3) oil reservoir with strong drive from a lateral radial aquifer, gas cap,
and waterflooding

35
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive
The original oil volume through volumetric methods is estimated at 800 million standard barrels (1.3 ×
108 m3). This example corresponds to the main reservoir of a naturally fractured carbonate
system. At the date of the study, the reservoir had a cumulative oil production of 200 million standard
barrels (3.2 × 107 m3) and cumulative water production of 135 million standard barrels

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Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

37
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

38
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

39
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive
Additional information was used

1) Several pressure interference tests confirmed the communication,

both vertical and lateral, among different reservoir zones.
2) Results from static reservoir characterization indicated the
possibility that a bottom aquifer could be connected to the reservoir
Total effective formation-water compressibility

40
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

41
Case Studies using MBE and history
matching
4) undersaturated naturally-fractured oil reservoir with bottomwater
drive

42