Module 01

Administrative Tasks
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 Objectives

 Objective 1: Manage User and Group Accounts and

Related System Files
 Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks n by
Scheduling Jobs tio
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 Objective 3: Localization and Internationalization it fi com
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 Managing user accounts is an important aspect of running

a Linux system
 User Accounts and the Password File
– When a new user account is added to a Linux system, an entry is
added to a list of users in the password file, which is stored o n in
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– The password file is in plain text and is readable iby
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– Each line in the password file contains information:
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 Groups and the Group File

– Groups are defined in the file /etc/group
– Like the passwd file, the group file contains colon-separated fields:
 Group name: Each group must have a unique name
 Group password
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 Group ID: Each group requires a unique GID
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 Group member list: list of group members by username
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 The Shadow Password and Shadow Group Systems

– Encrypted passwords must be secure from all users on the system
– To do this, the encrypted password is moved to a new file that
shadows the password file line for line ( /etc/shadow )

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loginID:password:lastchg:min:max:warn:inactive:expire
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– The first two fields contain the username
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 Group passwords and shadow groups

– Just as user accounts listed in /etc/passwd are protected by
encrypted passwords,groups listed in /etc/group can also be
protected by passwords
– A group password can be used to allow access to a group n by a
user account that is not actually a member of the group tio
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– To protect against such attacks, passwords in /etc/group
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– The protected passwords are stored in /etc/shadow
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

– useradd

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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

– useradd

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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

o n
ti
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it fi om
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C c ad
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LP
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

o n
ti
c a
it fi om
e r .c
C c ad
ux bk a
i n w .
I L ww
//
LP
:
ttp
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

o n
ti
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it fi om
e r .c
C c ad
ux bk a
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I L ww
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LP
:
ttp
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 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files

 User and Group Management Commands

o n
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C c ad
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Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

 Using cron
– The cron facility consists of two programs:
 Crond: This is the cron daemon, which is the process that executes
your instructions
 Crontab: This is the cron table manipulation program
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– The cron daemon wakes up every minute and examines ti all crontab
files, executing any commands scheduled for that itime.c a
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Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

 Using cron

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 Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

 Using at
– Execution of commands on a regular, periodic schedule
– The at facility accepts commands from standard input or from a file.

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 Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

 Using at

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Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by
Scheduling Jobs

o n
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 Objective 3: Localization and Internationalization

 Internationalization is the process of designing a software

application so that it can be adapted to various languages
and regions without engineering changes.
 Localization is the process of adapting internationalized
software for a specific region or language by adding o n locale
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specific components and translating text. c a
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