r

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Course:
Module 6:

IT 14 - Networking 2
Physic al Lay e r 1

Answe r.
1.
2.

,
3.
Module Overvi ew: This module wi ll tea ch the learners about the context of 4.
p h ysical layer, a nd twisted - pair cab le . 5.
Module Outcomes: ACQUIRE :
St u d e nts must h ave learne d: INTRODUCTION
1. El e ments of phy s ical la yer.
2 Compone nts of tw isted - pair c able. W h at is physical laye r?
Phys:ca l layer in t he OSI mode l p la ys t he role of interact ,ng w,tn aciua l haro1,c,e
Met h od to be used: Modified 4 A s of KOLB Ex perientia l Lear ni n g and s igna ling mechan ism. It 1s t he on ly ,a yer of OSI model ,,.,.,,ch actua· y deal s
w ith the p hys ical connect1v ty o f two di fferen t s tat 1ans or dev ,ces
LESSON 1, 2 : ELEMENTS OF PH YSI CAL LAYER, A N D
This layer def ines the hardware equipment. cab l,ng, w,,,ng, fr equenc ,es , and
COMPONENTS OF T W ISTED - PA IR CABLE p u lses that a re bein g used ta represent b inary or d ,g, to signals
Le sson outcom e :
What Is a signal,
1. Learned t h e d efin ition of p h ysical layer. A sign a l is an e lectrica l o r e lecrromagret 1c c urrent that 1!: u::ed fo r carry ng da : o
2. Learned th e d efiniti on and types o f sig nal, transm ission im p a ir me nt, and from one dev ,ce a ~ net Nod:: to ano ther
noise.
3. Learned the definition a nd t yp es of t wi sted - pa ir coble. T yp ica lly, a signa l ,s created when a commar, d or Ca ta 1~ ;;ant too ouv ice t r--a..;
4 . Le a rned t he t ypes of patch c o b le (stra ight - throug h and c ro ssov e r) implement a t1on 1n e lectri c a l and e lectron ,c component~ O!l well out ,t fT'01nly
5. Learned the sta n d ard pi no u ts ( T-568 A and T-5 68 8). refer s to a n a :og end d g,tal commun,cat.an tecnnalag,e~ and dev,ce-.
6 . Learned the u tilization of the too ls needed t o c reate LAN cabl e ( t wis t e d - pa ir
coble, RJ45 co nnector, crimping tool, a n d network tester) .
Typos of signal
Listed below are tne t NO (2) type~ o f ~,gncl
ACTIVATE:
1 Digital Signals - tne~e are d1~crete n rct ·..1re cr,d r,::pr•.: i; ent .. eQ 1_.ttrc.,:., ":H
Identification
volt age puses O.g !0/ !: gra Jore l..~f'::-:l .,.,,t~H~ tt':f:: c1rcu 1tr1 ~, u ccmpu!.er
Identify what is bein g desc ri b ed on each item.
system
1. Th is layer o f t h e OS I m odel plays th e r o le of interacting wi th actu a l
2 Analog Signal s - tne -=e ;.;. ,gnat~ 0"t:: ,., c,:;rt ,f""IU'Jl....Ji NC:J- , rj forrn 1r no~ ...;re 0f"IC
ha rdwa re and sig n a ling mecha n ism .
represented oy Li""l 1r'l':f:rr1...p~ec -= ·ecr"-:;rnogner -r:.. NO 1 8'!..
2. It is a n e lectric a l or elec tromagnet ic cu rrent that is u se d for ca rrying dot e
f rom one d evice or netwo rk t o anoth er.
Trana mls5l on Impai rm en t
3. It is a random dis tu rbanc e or fluctu ation in ana log or digi t al si gnal which
When signa ls travel tnrougr, tre m ed ...rn t1"'£: ·t t&ra ' o "Jflt":f' ,:ro"': ::.. ~ jf":! r"VJ •~t:,
d istort the actua l information being c arried. v ar ious rea sons cs g ve:r
4 . It is a type o f cabl ing tha t is u se d fo r te lephone com municat io n s and most 1
of m o dern Ethernet networks .
Atten u ation - t •s tre h'E:a ,c ef' r ·'3
r__;,f o -: 19,...c -: ~! .. e,..,g,.
-=·-& •-:; -- ··-I:
d istance or otn er enerrx:i rac.,.'"..lfS
5. It is a speci fic arra ng ement o f wires th a t dicta t e how the connect or is
2 Oi.s perslon - t s t.., e SP<E:-ea l'"'l.g ari-o 011::( CPi=~r-g '..;f _ g • ,r;; -:::--!. : ! "-::.,
t e rm inat e d.
tr rot...gr a m ec a
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3. Delay Distortion - If signal speed a n d frequency do not match, there are
p o ssibilities that the signal will be d ist orted before it reaches the
d e stination.
~
It is a random disturbance or fl uctuation in a nalog o r d igital signal w hich di stort
the actual informat ion bei n g carri ed.
Li sted below are t he type s o f noi se:
1. The rmal Noise - the noise g enerated by ther mal ogitati o n of electrons in a
cond u ct or.
2. Intermodulation - it occurs if two different frequencies are sharing a
m edium and one of them h a s e xcessive strength o ver the other.
3. Crosstalk - it i s a form of interfe rence i n which signals in one cable induce
e le ctroma g n etic interfe renc e (EMI) in an adjacen t cable.
4. Impulse - it is introduce d by irregular disturbances such a s lightning, faulty
elect rical compon e nts, etc. Digit al data i s mostly affected b y this kind of
noise.
channel capacity
The maximum rate at which information c a n be transmi tted through a c hannel.
1. Bandwidth - the maximum rate of data tran sfer across a given path.
2. Error-rate - the quantity of responses that are in co rrect.
Transmission Media
A communication cha nnel tha t c arries t he information from the sender to the
receiver.
Listed below are the form s o f transmission m e dia:
1. Guided media - it is defined as the physical mediu m through which the
signals are transm itted . It is also know n as bou nded/w ired media.
2. unguided media - it t ransmits the elect romagnet ic waves without using
any physical medium. It is also kn own as wireless media.
TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
W hat is a twisted-pair cable?
Twisted-pair cable is a type of cabl ing t h at is used fo r telephone
c o mmun ications and most of modern Ethernet n e tworks. This c able is made with
t wo sepa ra te insulated copper wires, which a re twisted toget her in para llel form
t o provi de protection against crossta lk, interferenc e, and noise.
Types of twisted-pair cable
List e d below are the two (2) typ es of twisted -pair ca b le:
0<;7'V
1. Unsh ielded Twist ed-Pair (UTP) Cabl e
2. Shi e lded Twisted-Pair ( STP) Ca b le
unshielded Twisted-Pair {UTP) cable
-- - Each twisted- pair cable has eight (8) wires t h a t are
gro uped into four pairs - blue, o range, g reen, a nd
~~
brown.
Each pair is twisted along the en tire length o f t he
ca ble, then all pairs are twisted together and
surrounded by a plastic jacket .
UTP has seven (7) categories, each suitable for specific use. In computer
network, cat-5, Cat-5e, and Cat-6 cables are commonly u sed .
1. Categoryl - used for telephone communic ations, a n d capable o f
transmitting data at the speed of up to 1 mbps.
2. Category2 - used in token ri ng networks, and capable of t ransmittin g
data at the speed of up to 4 mbps.
3. Category 3 - used in token ring and lOBASE-T Ethernet networks, and
can transm it da ta at the speed af up to 10 mbps.
4 . Category4 - used in token ring networks, and can tra nsm it data at the
speed of up to 16 mbps.
5. Category 5 - used in fast Ethernet and toke n ring networks, a n d ca n
transmit data at the speed of up to 100 mbps.
6. Category Se - used in Giga-Ethernet, and can transmit dat a at the
speed of up to 1000 mbps.
7. Category& - consists of four pairs of 24 Ameri can w ire gauge (AWG)
copper wires, and can transmit data at the speed af up to 10 gbps.
Patch Cable
This cable i s used to connect o ur devices to small or home office (SOHO)
routers w ith RJ45 p o rts.
Each end of this cable is terminated with an RJ45 connector, u sing cablin g
stan dard(s) dev elope d by the Tele c ommunications Ind us try Associat ion/
Electro ni c s Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA) .
Types of patch cable
Listed b elow are the two (2) types o f patc h c able:
1. Straight-through
2. Cros sover
r
_, . . . .............. • ... ......... ...... . .
Two (2) Standard Pinouts

~
Plnout is a speci fic a rrangement o f wi re s that di ctate how the

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PC
TX• 1
TX- 2

Wii'tiW'11i
H UB
1Rll•
2 RX·

S7P ,
\
c o nnector is terminated .
.... 3 3TX•
RJ45 Pinout
T-568A
RJ45 Pinout
T-568 B
.,,..
..
,
SIDE ONE
T-568A
4 4
5
SIDE TWO
T-568A
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7
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Use straight-throug h cable for the following c o nnection:

l. Connecting a ro uter to a hub
2. Connecting a computer to a switch
3. Connecting a LAN Port to a switch or computer
Straight-Throu gh C able
4. Connecting other dissimilar networking equ ipment
Straight-throu gh or patch cable is a type of ethernet cable that is used
in loca l o rea networks to connect a computer on a hub, switch, or router
Crossover Cable
(conn ecting di ssimil ar n e tworking equipment).
Crossover is a type of ethernet cable that is used in local a r ea n etwor k
to connect a computer to computer, or switch t o switch (connecti ng
It utilizes one standord pinout for both ends of the wire either T-
similar networking equipment).
568A or T- 568B.
SI DE ONE
T-568A
~ ..,J :lliJ
SIDE TWO
,,-c_-c'~
T-5 68A
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. • •

Unlike straight through, the RJ45 conn ector on this cab le uses two
(2) different standard pinouts - one end u ses T568A, and the
o ther uses T568B.
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'--2: / SIDE ONE SIDE ONE
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T-5688 I: :I T-568A '. I: :I
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Use crossover ca ble for the fol lowing connection:
l. Connecting a computer to a computer
2. Connecting a router to a router
3. Connecting a switch to a switch
4. Connecting a hub to a hub and

f -~ -............. - i. -
,..__,,.
Th lS tool may include·
2
l. A wire stripper tor removi n g the outer insu•at ,on from o cct>le
A wire cutter tor detaching porti on o f t h e w,re
,
t:4•tJMprl< cabflt Tester A d e vice used to test me connect 1v1ty of a port ,c u ;ar
5. Connecting a router to a PC becouse both devices hove type of network c able , and other w ir ed assemol> es
~
the same components
It checks wnether o nerwork co b le 1s configured o·
Shielded Twisted-Pair (ST P) C able
conn ected proper ly among the source and the
In shielded twisted-pair cable, each pair
dest1not ,o n devices
--
of wires is wrapped i n a m etallic fo il, and
then wrapped in o n overa ll metall ic braid ~ .
or foi l which odd s p rotection 0 901nst
crosstalk, in t erf eren ce, and nois e .
Reference&: ,..,1wo,• /1 r<2ell' "'""
1 t- .. ps //www 1.. •0111CJSPOW, or,,onto oomf"'luf'HrA''°' c.Of'T\P l.ot ~
·, r •tpa/. lr-i (jf" •t• r~ w nerr•' <..O D'4t C.OiiO f .OOln<J d lO'J r :J rr'I
RJ4 5 C:::_Q_nne~t or
RJ 45 {Regist ered Jack) is an 8 pin connector used f or
APPLY:
t erminat ing Cot5e and C a t6 cables. 1d011t1fy the two (2) type!: o f s1gno1
~~
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Ans-r:
l.
----- 2.
RJ45 Pins 2. 1oen 11fy me rwo (2) types of twis ted - pa ir co b le
Pin Role
...,,
I' n . 1 ,,,,~rq, • Answer.
2
~ 3 Identify tr.e twc (2) type,, ot paten coOle
Answer:
Crjmplng Toof 1
The crimper is used to attach the connectors 2
I ( RJ 11 and RJ45) on o coble
A SSESS:
t Oitfe<"ent,ote e n oncl'og s·g"O fr::.rn cc g ·ta ~·g~a Sr •et•1 c .~c-...~~ •1c .1
□ "'s "' e' (1 - 2 serte-.ces O'"' 1
I An swer.
 ~
r
2. Give at least o ne (1) t ype o f transmissi on impairmen t that you've already
your
encounte red o r experienc e d b efore . Briefly discuss as to how it affects
netwo rk con nectivity (1 - 2 sentences only) .
Exa mple:
l. Attenuati on - The wi-fi signal on my mobile phone deteriorate s
w hen I get d i stant from the router.
An swer:
3. Provid e th e mea n ing of the following acronyms :
Answer:
l. UTP
2. STP
3 . TIA/EIA
 Course:
IT 17 - Web systems and Technologies 1
ACQUIRE:
Module 1: SUBLIME TEXT - INSTALLATION GUIDE
Fundamentals of HTML, css, GltHub and Git Bash 1
r Module Ove rview:
This m o dule w ill teach t he learners on how to configure the
What is sublime Text 3?
Sublime Text 3 (ST3) is a lightweight, cros s- platform c od e editor kno wn for its
t o o ls n eed e d - inst all sublime and g it bas h, a nd create a speed, ease of use, and st ron g c ommunity suppo rt. It's an incredi b le editor right
g ithub acco u nt. As w ell a s provide inform ation about the git out of the box, but the real power com es fro m t he a b ility t o en han c e its
bash c o mmands for file navigation. functionality using Package Control a nd cre ating cust om settings.
Module O utco m es: Stud ents must have learned:
pnwnk>ad
l . Sublim e a nd Git Bash - Installation Guide; link - https:/[subllmetex t.com
2. Create a GitH ub Account, and; '$ •....i -·• .. -, ... ,, ..... 1'•· • +
3. Git Ba sh - File Navigation. f-- ➔ C • ,,_J,,. • •.•1,,.•
Meth od to be used: Modified 4As of KOLB Experiential Learning
fJ ~ Text
LESSON 1.0-2: SUBLIME TEXT AND GIT BASH - INSTALLATION Text Editing, Done Right
GUIDE, GITHUBACCO UNT, AND G IT BASH - FILE NAVIGATION
[===:::J e::::::::::::::
Lesson Ou tcome:
l. Lea rned how to download and install Sublime Text and Git Bosh.
2. Learned how to create a GitHub account.
3. Learned how t o navigate d irectory and files using Git Bash commands.
3. Click the sublime Text 4 . Click the W indows 64 bit if you're usin g a
3 link located at the right 64-bit operating system while W indow s if
ACTIVATE: side of the page. you're using a 32-bit operating system.
Identification
Ye, sJow1 Buud 3211
Identify w h a t is b eing described on each item.
iiill
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l. It is an a pplication for Microsoft Windows environments primarily which
~ .i iso a•,.>i 1able ,H., z;-:...;_~ ~ •.•
p rovides an emulation layer fo r the Git command line experience. • 'I,._,! ...... •: e,...J i' - a lso .. \l lltl .&ble a:. ;s ~i•'
... ,o ,,,..,. ;r,H>h:, .. ~
2. This g it b as h command keyword is used to change directory.
3. Th is git b ash command keyword is used to display directory contents. - :'::nea.
4. This git bash command keyword is used to create a new directory. ~-- -'·-..:..
___.,....:.
- ..
5. This git bash com mand keyword is used to encode a text or string inside a
fil e.
lostaHation 2. C lick Run t o c o n fi rm in sta lla t ion.
l. Double-click the executable
Answer:
file to start the installation. 0o ...,-~ .... u...Scr
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GIT BASH - INSTALLATION GUIDE - =:i
- ~ ~-
What Is Git Bash?
Git Bash is an a pplicati on for Microso ft Window s
environm ents primaril y wh ich
7. Click Next,
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8. Click Next,
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line experien ce. Bash is an
provide s a n e m ulation la y e r for t he Git comma nd
acronym for Bo urne Aga in Shell. A shell is a termina
with an ope ra t in g syste m t hro ugh written comma

l applicat ion used to interface

nds.
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CREATING A GITHUB ACCOUNT
Wbgt
GitHubIiisGjtHYbl
a w eb-based versi on - control and collaboration platfo rm fo r s oftware
developers that is used to store the source code for a project and t rack t he

,
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complete history of all changes to that code.
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15. Click Next,
7
16. Click Next,
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6. Next, choose the image of a
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spiral galaxy like this ( 2 t imes) .
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17. Wai t t ill the instal latio n is 18. Click Finish. . ,r"! ./
a lready done.
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Conipktinu the <ii! setup Wizard
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7. Then, if check appears:

CB:J I ~ 8. After that, check your email's in box and look for Your GltHub launch code.
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9 . Enter the GitHub launch code that you received.
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GIT BASH - FILE NAVIGATION
parts of the command
command
10 . Click the Just me on How many team mom bars will be
working with you?
how many team
members will be working
cd Desktop
y
Key w ord Path
11 . Clic k Student 12. Then click
Continue Note: Desktop is only an example, it could be any directory or folder there.
cd - change directory or folder
Navigate or go inside a directory or folder.
13. Scroll down and look for skip personaHzatlon.
[ cd folder _name
Example 1:
Navig ate or g o inside the Desktop folder .
And wait for your account dashboard to be initialized.
[ cd Desktop
14. Then once d isplayed, it means you have successfully created your GitHub - -c c::l
acc ount! L o.. inop -1:: :iz:::a
Tip: When creating a path don't include the name of the current directory or
folder.
lillll,,,.__
 g new ro1Pv
mkdfr - creot@ motv •
Example 2:
fo lder in_ the curr ent d irector \
crea te a new e
r Noviq o te or o o inside the Subject folder.
mkdlr n ew_ folder \
cd Deskto p / Subject
C'2 director , .
L e>.aktop
Example 1: _~-- _·,:;;; :~= n..« lrto
create a s ubject ro,aer 1ns1
L Suti1oc1 - C
mkdlr Subject
ta ins your
Tip: Include in the p a th the name of t h e directory or folder that con
d e stination fol d er. L Desktop --j3'j · f•ffh\·4 '
Example 3: ~ m::D ----c:m::11
Tip: When creating a path don 't include the name of t he curr
ent d irect ory or
entire path with
If t h ere ore spac es on the di recto ry or fol der name, wrap the
double ~tatlon marks. folder.
/ cd "Desktop/ My Subject"
Example 2: path wi t h double
--- --~ If there are spaces on the folder name, wrap the entire
- --¥-.u. _Ji -
L 0.H l<>p uotation mark.S.
L -..,,..._.- ---1:: iz::m mkdir "My Subject"
Example 4: _J --+3 · •· ii ,. , ,
O.•ktop
I Naviqate or qo back to t h e root or default director , . c_ Cft$::O -rm
cd
I ..._ ··- ·
r ,-L
- ~ >

Example 3:
Create a new folder inside another folder.
[ mkdir Subject/W eb
m
Is - Display directory or folder contents
Displar in a fo rm of list the con t ent o f t h e c u rrent direct□
t ~ ~-
a::,:c
L
ls
c::d::cl
t contains you r new
Tip: Include in the path the name of t he directory or f older tha
Exa m ple 1: folder.
Display the content of the Desktop fo ld e r.
[ is touch - create a new fHe
Create a sin g le em p ty f il e in t he current dire cto ry.
• Dosktop -G m:::c, [ touch name.typ e
·1-- Foldo ,
LI File.bet Tip: When creating a new fi le al wa ys specify t h e fil e name and
separated b y dot.
t he fi le t ype
_ _ _ _ _ _J
, Example 1:
crea te a file named note.bet.
l touch note.txt

---- iEEm 1:111 ~ktop

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Tip: single angle bracket writes or overWrites text in a fi ' e .
Example 2: write. __a .....text
. r.i.- inc:ide o folder.
Desktop -j@j J \J-i/ .Y.Hi Write the text HI 1.,uue on a
L c::c: echo • Hi code' > subject/note .txt
,mm o.-JrtOP 41 I· i ,i-: 1
Tip: When creating a path don't include the name of the current director y or
folder. L f _J •"_.
--C.~ -c:r=I
Tip: include in t he path the name of the d irectory or folder that contains your file.
Example 2:
If there ore spaces on the file n ome, wrap the entire path with double quotation
marks.
example 3: .Append a text
/ touch •my note. txt" Append the text I iove coding on note.txt.-
-
Desktop -13'f 10-i ), a echo • • love coding " > > note.txt
L w1, ·P.H·JI -c::mcl De■ktOP -f3'j i•Ftb'- eJ
L~ ➔:5"·1 i· ,1 -1
Example 3: Tip: oouble angle bracket• append a text in a file.
Create a new file inside a folder.
[ touch Subject/note.txt Example 4: .Append a text
Append the text Code 4 fun on a fi le ins ide a folder.
L Desktop - a Wl·il t Me!
echo • code 4 Fun" > > Subject/note.t,ct
L-r:- Subjec t
L _J .,...lop ...... ,, I· t l I
dr:2 LLJ subjoct
Tip: Include in the path the name of the directory o r folder that contains your new L. :c::::::.J -G:mZ!:il
file. Tip: Include in the path the name of the d irectory or f older that contains your file.
echo - Encode a text or string Inside a fife
Ports of echo command :
/
Keyword

echo
- :;r'· - - - -
--·-7
Angle

> note.txt
Brac ke t

-\
Pa th

_j I. rm - Remove a file
Example 1:
Remove a note.txt file inside the Oeslcto.e_ folder.
[ rm nate.txt
II - p ---G!!
I
Example I: Write a text m:c::::J
Write the text Hello World on note. txt. L l ie s~, ..
[ echo "Hello World"> note.txt
I
 Example 2:
,, :nere o re spa ces o n th e file name, wrap the entir e pa t h with doubte q uototion
martcs.
rm ·m y n ote txt"' ___J

--
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llefe,_nces:

rs3
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~---~ I ◄ APPlY :
eased on rne
ustrat.on t,e •o w ,dor, t ,f y the 1o t>0 Ji e d part 5 o f o g,t b O !'ln
Example 3 : c_o ~
l
Remove a f ile i nsrde a fo lder 0
i rm Subj ect/note .tx t
0.- -I·
d oeskto p I
·-· a::;::a 0 ()
rmdir - Remove o folder
An awer:
Example !: a)
Remove the subject folder inside the Oosktop folde, . o)
rmdir Subject c)
2 W h at punct u at ion ma rk s u s e o co aec:. 1a re a r o1 oer/direc tory o r tile w ,t n
"-'<top -I· 2
s pac e (s) on m e name ?
L
! I
Ans-wer.
Example 2:
are spoces on the folder nome. wrap the entire path w ith doub le
·t th e re
quotation m a r ~. ASSES~
r
r mdir · M y Subject" utustratlon 1:
Exa mple 3 :

--- -1-
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~~1
t"-• c•_,,
:a
Remove a fo lder ins ide anothe r folder. - -- "W,:?,. . .•x.·
rmdir Suo 1e ct/Web L_ . . .. , - =t•.....,
::::i: I
 Ba sed a n the illustration 1 above, create a comma nd t hat will navigate you
',~
fro m the Desktop to t he My Activities.
I
Answer:
Illustration 2:
Desktop H'lti.hii·iil I4¢ti
Files
L[ L __,atl.:.U!I
l. Ba sed o n t he illustratio n 2 ab ove, ma ke a comm and that will create a
note .txt f ile inside th e Files fo lder.
An swer:
...