Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vishal Duggal
TerraSyn Initiatives
PATIALA (Punjab).
Ph.: 98766 05933, 98 140 059 33
Email: visduggal@gmail.com
for
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Sangrur (Punjab)
Contents
4
Reactive environmental
strategies
end-of-pipe approaches
5
Reactive environmental
strategies
On - site recycling
6
Proactive environmental strategies:
Cleaner Production
Prevention of Waste
generation
• Good housekeeping
• Input substitution
• Better process control
• Equipment modification
• Technology change
• On-site recovery/reuse
• Production of useful by-
products
• Product modification
7
What is waste?
9
Cleaner Production Financing
The “Cost of Waste” Iceberg
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e
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ilit
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ny
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e
10
Adapted from: Bierma, TJ., F.L. Waterstaraat, and J. Ostrosky. 1998. “Chapter 13: Shared Savings and
Environmental Management Accounting,” from The Green Bottom Line. Greenleaf Publishing:England.
Where are you now?
Only a change
in technology
would eliminate
waste
completely We have
identified our
We are waste and
optimising our monitoring it
processes and
We plan to
achieving big
reduce waste
cost reductions
Waste is cost
Waste is and regulatory
coming down as issue
we change the Waste is only
way we work disposal issue
Waste is not an
issue
11
Cleaner Production Definition
12
Cleaner Production Definition
13
Properly implemented CP :
always
14
Properly implemented CP :
usually
· increases profitability
· lowers production costs
· enhances productivity
· provides a rapid return on any capital or
operating investments required
· increases product yield
· leads to the more efficient use of energy
and raw materials
15
Properly implemented CP :
usually (continuation)
· results in improved product quality
· increases staff motivation
· relies on active worker participation in
idea generation and implementation
· reduces consumer risks
· reduces the risk of environmental
accidents
· is supported by employees, local
communities, customers and the public
16
Properly implemented CP :
often
· avoids regulatory compliance
costs
· leads to insurance savings
· provides enhanced access to
capital from financial institutions
and lenders
· is fast and easy to implement
· requires little capital investment
17
Cleaner Production principles
precaution principle
preventive principle
integration principle
18
How CP could be applied in
practice?
19
Cleaner Production
practices
1. Good housekeeping
take appropriate managerial and
operational actions to prevent:
leaks
spills
to enforce existing
operational instructions
20
Cleaner Production
practices
2. Input substitution
substitute input materials
by less toxic
or by renewable materials
or by adjunct materials
which have a longer
service life-time in
production
21
Cleaner Production
practices
3. Better process control
modify:
operational procedures
equipment instructions
and process record keeping in
order to run the processes more
efficiently and at lower waste
and emission generation rates
22
Cleaner Production
practices
4. Equipment modification
modify the existing production
equipment and utilities in order;
run the processes at higher
efficiency
lower waste and emission
generation rates
23
Cleaner Production
practices
5. Technology change
Replace;
the technology
processing sequence
synthesis pathway
in order to minimise waste and
emission generation during
production
24
Cleaner Production
practices
6. On-site recovery/reuse
- reuse of the wasted materials in
the same process for another
useful application within the
company
25
Cleaner Production
practices
7. Production of a useful by-product
26
Cleaner Production
practices
8. Product Modification
modify the product haracteristics
in order;
to minimise the environmental
impacts of the product during or
after its use (disposal)
to minimize the environmental
impacts of its production
27
CP versus End-of-Pipe approach
Off-site recycling
Transferring hazardous wastes
Waste treatment
Concentrating hazardous or toxic
constituents to reduce volume
Diluting constituents to reduce hazard or
toxicity
29
What are the benefits of
Cleaner Production?
Improving environmental
situation
Continuous
Increasing environmental
economical benefits improvement
Gaining
competitive
Increasing
advantage
productivity
30
CP barriers
31
CP barriers
Difficulty
in
The failure accessi
of existing ng
regulatory cleaner
approaches technol
ogies
Difficulty
in
accessi
ng
external
32 finance
CP motivators and drivers
33
CP motivators and drivers
34
The role of
international organizations in CP development
The fourth
step Implementation
37
Successfully implemented CP projects
1. Planning &
Organization
Obtainmanagement
commitment
Identifypotential barriers and
solutions
Set plant-wide goals
Organize a project team
38
2. Assessment
Identify sources
Identify waste/ pollution
causes
Generate possible options
39
Material and energy balances
The
Cooling Mass
Balance
40
Why are material and energy
balances so important?
The material and energy balances are not only
used to identify the inputs and outputs of mass
and energy but their economic significance is
related to costs, such as:
cost of raw material in waste
cost of final product in waste
cost of energy losses
cost of handling waste
cost of handling waste
cost of transporting waste
cost of solid wastes disposal
cost of pollution charges and penalties
41
Possible causes for waste
generation
Choice &
Quality of Process Process
Efficiency
Input Materials
Management
Personnel
Planning & Wastes &
Skills &
Information Emissions
Motivation
Systems
42
Option generation (1)
Creative Problem Solving (CPS):
Find facts
Identify the problem
Generate ideas to solve the problems
Define criteria to be used to select solutions/ideas
44
CP assessment
practices
Equipment
Modification
Process Technology
Change
On-site Production of
Recovery/ Product
Useful Modification
Reuse By-Product
45
3. Feasibility Studies
Preliminary evaluation
Technical evaluation
Economic evaluation
Environmental evaluation
Selection of feasible options
46
Payback Period
Capital investment
_____________________________
Payback period =
Annual operating cost savings
47
Implementation & Continuation
Prepare a CP plan
Implement feasible CP measures
Monitor CP progress
Sustain Cleaner Production
48
CP attacks the problem at several levels
at once. The implementation of an
industry/plant level program requires,
49
CP management system
Marketing
Top management
commitment
Pre-assessment
CP policy
declaration
Start CP project
Assessment report
CP and main stakeholders
51
How can governments
promote CP?
· Applying regulations
· Using economic instruments
· Providing support measures
· Obtaining external assistance
52
CP applicability for local
governments
· Corporate decision-making
· Local environmental management
strategies
· Community and industry partnerships
· Sustainable economic development
· Public environmental education
· Specific local environmental problems
· Local environmental monitoring
53
CP and financial institutions
Environmental evaluation can help:
Establish an exclusion list
Identify environmental
risks in every project
Understand the financial
institution’s exposure to
environmental risks and
liabilities
Monitor the environmental
risks of transactions and
respond
Evaluate risks and
liabilities in foreclosure or
re-structuring activities
54
What are the benefits of
Cleaner Production?
Financial advantages:
Usually a short Payback Period (sometimes in months)
Many low-cost options
Quick to implement
Improved cash flows
Greater shareholder value
Better access to capital and appeal to financial
institutions
Inherent preventive approach leads to insurance
savings
55
Overall risk profile
CONSUMERS’ NEW
WORKERS’ HEALTH REGULATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH ACCIDENTS
RISKS
LIABILITY REPUTATION
CLEAN-UP
BUSINESS VALUE
INSURANCE
PRODUCT SALES
CLAIMS
56
Main factors affecting exposure
to environmentally-derived risks
· The
client’s ability and
commitment to adequately
manage these risks
57
If a CP project is presented to a financial
institution, it should be clear that the company
already undertook voluntary actions aimed at;
59
What have we learned?
· The CP approach reduces pollutant generation at every stage of the
production process
· CP can be achieved through:
good operating practices
process modification
technology changes
raw material substitution
redesign and/or reformulation of product
· The economic advantages of CP are:
cost effectiveness
increased process efficiency
improved product quality and enterprise competitiveness
cost of final treatment and disposal is minimized
· Effluent treatment, incineration, and waste recycling outside the
production process are not regarded as CP
60
Broader application of CP
61
Cleaner Production and
Sustainable Development
Sustainability
Responsible
Environmental
Entrepreneurship
space
Economic Instruments
Eco-efficiency
Co-regulatory agreements Factor X
Cleaner Production
Command & control
Agenda 21 Compliance
Government Sustainable
Agenda development
62
!!!
CP is
a journey
not a
destination
63
“An understanding of
the business value to be
gained from efficient use
of natural resources is an
important first step
toward sustainability:
toward building a world in which resources
are managed to meet the needs of all
people now and in the future.”
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