Variables

By group 5
 Variables
- are “changing qualities or
characteristics” of a person or things like
age, gender, intelligence, ideas,
achievement, confidence, and others that
are involved in your research study.
 Variables
- Made up of the root of the base word
of “vary”, which means to undergo
changes or to differ from, variables
have different or varying values in
relation to time and situation.
 Variables
In research, especially in a quantitative
research, one important thing you have
to focus on at the start of your study is
to determine the variables involved in
your study.
 Basic Types:

Independent Variables

- are those that cause changes in the

subject
 Basic Types:
Independent Variables

- In an experimental research, the independent

variable as the condition or treatment applied to
the experimental group is under the control,
direction, or manipulation of the researcher or
experimenter
 Basic Types:

Dependent Variables

-are those that bear or manifest

the effects caused by the
independent variables
 Basic Types:
Dependent Variables

Example :
To determine the positive effects of
one modern grammar theory called
SFG (Systematic Functional
Grammar) on IC (Intercultural
Competence)
 Variable Relationships
In a scientific way of studying cause-effect
relationship, these two variables, independent
and dependent are part and parcel of the
research because the first one is the cause and
the second is the effect that you can subject to
any form of measurement.
 Variable Relationships
However, as you carry out the research, it is
possible that one, two or more variables or extra
variables crop up to create an impact on the
relationship between the independent and
dependent variable. Being extra variable they
form this other type of variable called
extraneous variables.
 Variable Relationships
Extraneous variables like age, gender, or personality
traits may suddenly surface to create effects on the
relationship of the two basic variables. Such extraneous
variables are called participant variables if they refer to
the moods, emotions, or intelligence of the subject; they
are situational variables if they pertain to nature of the
place: smelly, cold, hot, spacious, and the like.
 Other types of variables

Extraneous Variables are to be controlled

by you, the experimenter. But if they do
not give in to your control, they become
confounding variables that can strong
influence your study.
 Other types of variables

The involvement of confounding

variables in the research results in the
production of “mixed up, confusing or
bewildering result.”
 Other types of variables
Involved not within the research
situation but outside the research
process, the extraneous variable exist as
“nuisance variables”, which potency
need to og down to prevent it from
affecting the result negatively
 Other types of variables are as
follows:
Constant – do not undergo any changes during an experiment.
Attribute – characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity,
anxiety, learning, and styles, among others.
Covariate – included in the research study to create
interactions with the independent and dependent variables.
Continuous – quantitative in nature and is used in interval or
ratio scale of measurement.
Dichotomous – has only two possible results: one or zero
 Other types of variables are as
follows:
Latent – cannot be directly observed like personality
traits.
Manifest – can be directly observed to give proof to
latent variables.
Exogenous – found outside an identified model
Endogenous – found inside as a part of identified
model
Q and A!