ENGLISH 10 – FOURTH QUARTER Operationalization
This process is converting an abstract idea, notion, or concept
CONTENT STANDARDS. The learner demonstrates understanding
of how world literature and other text types serve as instruments to
resolve social conflicts, also how to use the language of research,
campaigns and advocacies.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. The learner competently presents a
research report on a relevant socio-cultural issue.
THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
Research is a thorough study of a certain problem, the possible
causes, and finding out which of the possible solutions is the most
effective. It is therefore, a scientific investigation or inquiry. As a
scientific investigation, it has its own language. The language of
research consists of various associated terms such as theory,
hypothesis, and variables.
Theory
An investigation starts with a theory to be tested by
observations. This is defined as an explanation that offers to classify,
organize, explain, predict, and/or understand the occurrence of specific
phenomena. The theory has to make sense of reality or what is actually
happening in a society. To research a theory, the first step is
conceptualization.
Conceptualization
A concept, which may be in a form of issue, object,
phenomenon, or problem, represents an aspect of reality. It is the
starting point of all research activities. So, before a research can start,
the concept must be taken from its conceptual level to an observational
level, that is from abstract to concrete. This process is
conceptualization.
The next step is to convert the concept/s into variables through
operationalization.
into a measurable item. It is making something conceptually
observable. How this is accomplished depends on the researcher.
Variables
The creation of variables and development of measurement
instrument to assess these variables are the main focus
operationalization.
There are two types of variables.
 Dependent – these are factors the researcher has to control.
They require other factors to influence and cause changes. It is
what being predicted.
 Independent – these are the factors which will have influence
on the dependent variable/s. These are variables expected on
which might cause the change or outcome of the dependent
variables.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement which states or describes the
expected relationship between the independent variables. It is an
educated guess about the relationship between variables.
 Null Hypothesis – this is a statement saying that no relationship
exists between the dependent and independent variables.
 Rival Hypothesis – this is a statement that offers an alternative
prediction for the research findings in case the null hypothesis
is rejected.
Data
 Data are pieces of information gathered from the sample. These
may be events, beliefs, characteristics, people, calamities, and other
phenomena. There are four levels of data.
 Nominal – these are some defined characteristics which have
no logical order. One example is gender.
Random Sampling. All members of a given population have the
same chances of being selected.
Stratified Random. The whole population is first divided into
subgroups called strata. Each stratum will be equally represented in the
sampling.

 Ordinal – these are data which can be rank-ordered. For
example, age may be broken down into young, middle-aged,
and old.
 Interval – these are data in which there is a distinctive, yet
equal difference among the characteristics measured such as all
interval data. There is no set zero starting point. For example:
the IQ of grade 10 students.
 Ratio – these data have a true zero starting point and are
ordered. Examples: height, age, weight, and income
Cluster. The sample is randomly selected from groups rather
than individuals.
Snowball. Individual or individuals provide names of other
people for the sample.
Purposive. This is also known as judgmental or convenience
sample because it is based on the researcher’s belief that they will
provide the necessary information.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Population

The information needed in a research project has to be gathered

or taken from a complete group or class. For example, the population
of all white people who have racial and ethnic prejudice is a very big
group. Since it is impractical, insufficient, and wasteful on the
researcher’s time and resources to take the whole population, only a
sample from the whole targeted population can be chosen.

Sample

To provide the needed information in a research, only a sample

from the target population can be taken. This is called sampling which
may be the following: