Addis Ababa Tegbareid

Polytechnic College

Copying of Technology Hundred Percent

By:-Gadisa Abebe November, 2011

Objective
General Objective
To facilitate the existence of an effective technology transfer system
in which best technologies are copied hundred percent to fill in the
technological gaps and ensure sustainable completeness of micro and
small enterprises which are engaged in the focal sectors.
Specific Objectives
1. Create a technology transfer system which complies with the
economic, social and cultural values of the country, apart from
facilitating ways.
Cont…
2. Assess technological services in terms of policy, responsibility and
national technology transfer experience by using important
international technology transfer references.
3. Record and ensure technologies imported from abroad have passed
the required specification and are analyzed and selected against
existing technologies.
4. Harmonize the quality, productivity and service of the technology in
terms of technological capacity and latest technologies in the world
whenever a technology selection and import takes place.
Cont…
5. Assure that the technology to be imported is important and brings
about change in relation to the short and long term plans the country
has set.
6. Ensure the availability of properly placed manual which clearly shows
workforce training processes, maintenance and operation systems,
service years and life span as required.
The Significance of Copying Technology
Hundred Percent

In-order to produce quality goods to increase the productivity and

thereby substitute import products.
The technology which is copied hundred percent by technical
vocational education and training and transferred to micro and small
enterprise enables the enterprise not only to generate income but also
plays a significant role in substituting import technologies and saving
foreign exchange.
It saves the time
Cont…
Cont…
The technological transfer from the present low income to join the
low middle income countries is the first technological transformation
chapter
whereas the second chapter is the technology transfer to join higher
middle income countries by sustaining the present growth and
development.
Our last technology transfer chapter is the stage at which we join the
high income countries.
The journey from low middle income countries to join the middle
income countries starts first by adapting technologies which are far
away from the technology boundary
In order to quickly pass from one technology phase to another without
any obstruction, three interconnected activities should be
accomplished:
1. During the first phase the necessary technologies should
exhaustively be used.
2. Conditions should be created that facilitate the use of the next phase
technologies before the first phase is exhausted.
3. Alternatives should be created in which technologies that are
transferred phase out quickly and that those people who are
connected to these technologies would not die out/phase out with it
and pull back our accelerated journey a system should be established
in which people who are packaged in these technologies get favorable
alternatives.
• The general objectives of copying and transferring feasible
technologies to our development programs are to:
 Produce wealth and build capacity by quickly forging technologies
generated by others based on the demand of our development
programs
Improve the forged technology through the process of adaptation by
using the capacity built and the wealth created to generate additional
wealth
Supplement wealth at different levels, by capacitating universities,
private companies and government research institutions
Develop the capacity in which trainers/teachers as well as
trainees/students broadly participate in generating technologies
Through time, produce large number of researchers and
technologists with quality and quantity to supply manpower to
research institutions to be established by private companies
Enhance the capacity of generating technology by producing capable
human capital and create awareness that for our country to continue
as an active state
It should become competitive (if it cannot compete, it would become
a failed state) and that the implementation of our renaissance journey
plan should be in line with the globalization laws.
If technology transfer process are implemented correctly according to
the given chronological order from value-chain analysis up to
technology transfer including prototype test (hundred percent
copying).
It is known that eight different focal sectors have been identified for the
attainment of the Growth and Transformation Plan.
Therefore, we should copy hundred percent and transfer decisive
technologies which were given priority in terms of value-chain analysis
and technology identification, selection and adaptation to alleviate
poverty and
To make the sector competitive in order to substitute import products.
Cont…
The following eight sectors have been identified by the Growth and
Transformation Plan for the success of the strategy.
1. Agriculture
2. Industrial Development
3. Economic development infrastructure
4. Culture, hotel and tourism and sport
5. Trade
6. Health
7. Minerals
8. Labor and social affair services
 Identification of Technological Gap
Value-chain analysis is carried on the prioritized focal sectors in order to
identify technological gaps.
Based on the value-chain analysis, the quality problems/gaps of the
product attributed to the technology and the impact of the improvement
of the technology on the product identified.
In order to identify technological gaps the focal sectors should be
screened out.
The necessary value-chain analysis should be worked out and based on
the analysis the gaps can be identified.
This activity is fully completed within value- chain analysis process.
Searching for Technologies
When searching for technologies special attention should be given to
the following points:
• Assessment of how much other countries have used the technology
identified
• Analysis of the extent to which other countries benefited from the
type of technology and the contribution of the technology for
development.
• Analysis on the use of the technologies which are to be selected and
imported in terms of type or in terms of the change they may bring
about in relation to their previous uses.
Cont…
• If the searched technology is a new one, the improvement process
and functional technique should be properly recorded.
• Standards are set to differentiate technologies with similar service
based on the following evaluation criteria: 
 In terms of the completeness of information
In terms of guarantee provided
Certainty that the technology is practically in use
In terms of the manpower training they provide
In terms of annex(document) they present attached to the
technology
The trademark and demand for the technology
In terms of the time they stayed on market and their competitiveness
Cont…
• Setting of different searching methodologies by taking into account
the changes the selected and imported technologies have brought.
• The changes the imported technology/products bring or the effect of
outputs directly on consumers. Therefore, their effectiveness should
be ensured
• The technology to be imported should avoid traditional production
processes and should easily be adapted.
• There should be clear information on the history of the technology
Selection of Technology
In Terms of Economy  
• Comparing against technologies with similar productivity through
assessing the frequency of maintenance and its cost.
• Ensuring that the selected technologies are copied and adapted
In Terms of Technique
• Evaluating or assessing the selected technology against comparable
technologies one by one, if the technology fills in the identified gaps
• Evaluating technical systems; assessing the working methodologies
with knowledge and skills in the sector.
In Terms of Security
Technology selection which contradicts international conventions which
the country has signed shall not have acceptance.
Feasibility Analysis
As mentioned in the value-chain analysis section, after alternative
technologies have been selected to fill in a technological gap, the next
activity is to conduct a feasibility assessment.
As effectiveness analysis is made on each technology in order to
identify the best technology, the best technology should be compared
to other technologies to be selected in terms of criteria such as
productivity, quality, price and extensive use of labour.
Productivity
• Does the selected technology really increase productivity?
Quality
• Has the technology brought changes on the product quality?
Cont…
Extensive Use of Labor Force
• It is possible to import automated high technologies by advertising
some technologies which save time and labour.
Therefore, one of the indicator of the effectiveness of a technology is to
ensure that the technology extensively uses human labour.
Cost
• What change has the technology brought on cost? This means how
much the technology decreases the cost of production to produce the
same product
Copying the Best Technology Hundred Percent

The major activities in the process of accumulating technology include

preparing the blue-print of the selected technology, producing
prototypes and undertaking continuous testing.
• The document should consist the blue-print, type of materials required
for the production, measurement and drawing of the technology.
• The selection process of materials for technology production should
take into account the following points:
Not harmful to users/consumers
Easily available in the environment
Quality materials (in strength of the material, mechanical
characteristics, reliability of the material and durability)
Cont…
• Drawing
The drawing which is prepared during the implementation of
technology should comprise the following data:
Detail drawing of parts
Complete assembly drawing
If possible three dimensional drawing
Preparation of Prototype
• After a design is worked out, a prototype has to be prepared by
following the design. This sample would help to evaluate the
effectiveness as well as weakness of the selected technology.
• Undertaking preparation of the prototype based on the set design
would avoid unnecessary wastage of money, labour and time
Cont…
Testing Prototype  
• It is unlikely to get complete test information from functionality test
conducted on prototypes.
• Therefore, whether a sample satisfies the industrial quality standard
should be assured by repeatedly testing the technology for a long
time in cooperation with consumers at the place where the
technology provides service.
• In this process sufficient numeric data should be recorded.
• Sample testing is instrumental to ensure that the selected technology
is correct, the design prepared is appropriate and that the prototype
technology is adequate to attain the goal set.
Cont…
Prototype Test Checklist
• The technology prototype that makes a sector or an institution
competitive is produced, there is a need for prototype testing
/checkup.
• The testing serves as a functionality test, apart from assuring that the
technology is copied hundred percent.
• Things that have to be fulfilled during the test are:
• Complete original document from which the technology is copied.
• The persons who undertake the test should be legally and
professionally certified:
Cont…
• Technical inputs necessary for technical test should be fulfilled
• Identifying the technological demand to develop the competitiveness
of the sector or MSEs
• Conducting value-chain analysis
• Selecting the best technology
• Preparing complete document of the technology
• Preparing manufacturing and implementation manual
• Conducting sample product functionality test
Transferring the Best Technology
It is possible to understand that developing countries have registered
accelerated and sustainable economic growth by creating strong
technology transfer
Capacitating Technology Incubation Institutions
After the best technology which fills in technological gaps of the
sector/institution is identified based on value-chain analysis, copied
hundred percent and ensured for its effectiveness through test.
Better micro and small enterprises or TVET institutions are selected and
assigned to duplicate the technology based on;
availability of adequate workshops
qualified professionals with knowledge and skills required.
raw materials in the area to copy the technology effectiveness of the
technology to solve problems and the demand for it on market.
Methods of Technology Transfer
A technology which has been ascertained for its feasibility can be transferred
in any of the following methods after being produced by multiplier
institutions:
1. Through cooperative agreement
2. Cooperative Research and development
3. Cost-sharing contract/subcontract
4. Purchasing license from technology owner
5. Through professional exchange programs
6. Adapting technologies imported to our country for different reasons
7. Providing technical assistance to small scale producers etc.
THANKS