CHAPTER 37

ENGINE TEST
EQUIPMENT
AND TUNEUP
 TUNEUP

An engine tune-up restores drive

ability, power, performance and
economy that have been lost
through wear, corrosion, and
deterioration of engines parts.
ENGINE TESTING
INSTRUMENTS
TACOMETER
• The word comes
from Greek ταχος (ta
chos "speed")and me
tron ("measure").

• Measure engine
RPM.
DWELLMETER
• Which measures
duty cycle or how
long the ignition-
system primary
circuit remains
closed before it
opens again.
 CYLINDER
COMPRESSION TESTER
• is a quick way to
determine the general
condition of the pistons
rings and can help
determine what repairs
might be needed before
starting to work on the
engine.
CYLINDER LEAKAGE
TESTER

• Which locates leaks

of compression
pressure.
ENGINE VACUUM
GUAGE

• Which measure
vacuum in the engine
intake manifold
 EXHAUST-GAS
• Infrared analyzer
• Which measures the
amount of certain
pollutants and gases
in the exhaust gas
ENGINE ANALYZER

• Which combines
several testing
instrument and may
automatically make
several tests at once
or in sequence.
DYNAMOMETER

•  "dyno" for short,
is a device for
measuring force,
 torque,
or power.
CHAPTER 38

ENGINE
PERFORMANCE AND
DRIVEABILITY
DIAGNOSIS
A practical approach
to trouble diagnosis
 TROUBLE AND
TROUBLE DIAGNOSIS
Determining the cause of trouble is
troubleshooting or trouble diagnosis.
This is the detective work that
answer the question “what is wrong”.
 BASIC RULES OF
TROUBLE DIAGNOSIS
1. Know the system
2. Learn the service history system
3. Learn the history of the complaint
4. Know the problems
5. Do not cure the symptom and
leave the cause
6. Get all information possible driver
 Driver complaints
and engine symptoms
 Engine trouble-diagnosis chart
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

1. Engine will not crank a. Run down battery Recharge or replace battery

b. Starting circuit open Check for dirty or loose

connection

c. Starting motor jammed Remove starting motor and

repair

d. Engine jammed Check and repair engine

e. Transmission not in Move shift lever

neutral or park
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

2. Engine crank slowly but a. Run down battery Recharge or replace battery
will not start

b. Detective starting motor Repair or replace

c. Bad connection in Repair or clean and tighten

starting circuit
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

3. Engine crank at normal a. Defective ignition system Try spark test, triggering
speed but not will start test, check timing

b. Defective starting motor Repair or replace

c. Air leak into intake Tighten connection, replace

manifold gasket

d. Defect in engine Check compression, leakage

e. Plugged fuel filter Replace

f. Restricted exhaust Clear system, replace

restricted parts
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction
4.Engine runs but misses in a. Defective spark Replace
one cylinder
b. Defective distributor plug Replace
cap, rotor, or cable

c. Valve stuck open Free valve; service engine

d. Broken valve spring Replace

e. Burned valve Replace ; service engine

f. Bent pushrod Replace

g. Flat can lobe Replace camshaft

h. Defective piston or rings Replace; service cylinder

wall

i. Intake manifold leaks Replace gasket; tighten

manifold bolts
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction
5. Engine runs but misses in a. Defective ignition system Check ignition
different cylinder
b. Defective fuel system Check fuel system

c. Cross firing plug cables Replace

d. Loss of compression Check compression, leakage

e. Defective valve action service engine

f. Worm piston or rings Replace; service cylinder

wall

g. Overheat engine Check cooling system

h. Manifold heat control Free valve

valve stuck
i. Restricted exhaust system Check catalytic converter;
replace restricted parts
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction
6. Engine sluggish , a. Defective ignition Check ignition
stumbles, lacks power,
acceleration, or high- speed b. Defective fuel system Check fuel system
performance; hot or cold

c. Restricted exhausted Free catalytic converter;

system replace restricted parts
d. Loss or compression Check compression, leakage

e. Carbon buildup in engine service engine

f. Detective valve action Check compression, leakage

g. Excessive rolling Check low tires, brakes

resistance dragging wheel
misalignment
h. Thick oil Use specified oil

i. Wrong or bad fuel Use correct octane fuel

Complainant vapor Possible cause Check or correction
lock
7. Engine lacks power, a. Engine overheat Check cooling system
acceleration, or high speed
performance: hot only
b. Choke stuck Replace or repair

c. Manifold heat control Free valve

valve stuck open

d. Vapor lock Use different fuel, shied

fuel line
Complainant vapor Possible cause Check or correction
lock
8. Engine lacks power, a. Choke stuck open Replace or repair
acceleration, or high speed
performance: cold only
b. Manifold heat control Free valve
valve stuck open

c. Cooling system Replace

thermostat stuck open

d. Engine valve stuck open Service engine

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

9. Engine overheats a. Lack of coolant Add coolant; check for leaks

b. Late ignition timing Adjust timing

c. Loose or broken fan belt Replace; adjust tension

d. Thermostat stuck close Replace

e. Clogged water jacket or Flush and clean

radiator core

f. Defective radiator hose replace

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

10. Engine overheats g. Defective water pump Replace

h. Oil low Add oil

i. high-altitude, hot-climate Drive slowly; keep radiator

operator filled

j. Defective fan clutch Replace

k. Valve timing late; timing Replace

chain has jumped a tooth

l. No vacuum spark advance Defective vacuum-advance

in any gear unit
Complainant vapor Possible cause Check or correction
lock
11. Engine idles roughly a. Incorrect idle adjustment Adjust

b. PVC or EGR valve stuck Replace

open

c. Defective fuel injectors Replace

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction
12. Engine stalls cold or as it a. Choke valve stuck closed Free service
warms up

b. Defective fuel system Check fuel system

c. Manifold heat control Free valve

valve stuck

d. Idle speed low Adjust

e. PVC or EGR valve stuck Adjust

open
f. Door in thermostatic air Replace
cleaner stuck open

g. Idle solenoid improper Replace vacuum motor

set
h. Misrouted or leakage Reroute or replace
vacuum hose
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

13. Engine stall after idling a. Defective fuel pump Replace

or slow-speed driving

b. Engine overheats Check cooling system

c. High carburetor float Adjust

level

d. Incorrect idling Adjust

adjustment

e. Faulty PVC or EGR valve Replace

f. Idle solenoid improper set Adjust

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

14. Engine stalls after high a. Vapor lock Ruse different fuel; shield
speed driving fuel line

b. Carburetor venting or Check and repair or replace

idle compensator valve
defective

c. Engine overheats Check cooling system

d. PVC or EGR valve stuck Replace

open

e. Idle solenoid improperly Adjust

set
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction
15. Engine backfires a. Ignition timing off Adjust

b. Spark plugs of wrong Install correction plug

heat range

c. Excessive rich or lean Check EEC system, oxygen

mixture sensor
d. Engine overheats Check cooling system

e. Carbon in engine service engine

f. Valve hot or stuck service engine

g. High voltage leakage in Replace

coil, distributor cap, rotor
h. Inoperative anti backfire Replace
valve
i. Cross firing spark plug Replace
Complainant vapor Possible cause Check or correction
lock
16. Engine run-on dieseling a. Incorrect idle-solenoid Adjust
adjustment

b. Engine overheats Check cooling system

c. Hot sports in combustion Check plugs, valves, pistons,

chambers cylinders for action

d. Timing advanced adjust

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

17.Excessive HC and CO in a. Ignition miss Check ignition

exhaust gas

b. Incorrect ignition timing Adjust

c. Carburetor troubles Check, service carburetor

d. Faulty air injection Check pump, hose,

electronic control

e. Defective catalytic Replace

converter
Complainant vapor Possible cause Check or correction
lock
18. Smoky exhausted a. Steam in exhaust Replace gasket; tighten
head bolts to eliminate
1. Blue smoke coolant leakage into
2. Black smoke combustion chamber
3. White smoke

b. Catalyst burning off fuel Service air-injection system

residue
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

19. Excessive oil a. External leaks Replace gaskets, seal

consumption

b. Burning oil in combustion Service engine

chamber

c. High speed driving Drive more slowly

d. Faulty PVC system service

Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

20. Engine noises

1. Regular clicking Valve train Adjust valve; service valve
train

2. Ping on load or Low-octane fuel, carbon, Use higher-octane fuel;

acceleration advanced ignition timing or remove carbon; correct
causes listed under no. 14 ignition timing

3. Light knock or pound worn rod bearings or Service engine

with engine floating journal; misaligned rod;
lack of oil

4. Light, metallic double Worn or loose pin; lack of Service engine

knock most audible or oil
rattling
Complainant Possible cause Check or correction

20. Engine noises

5. Chattering or rattling Worn or broken rings, Service engine
during acceleration cylinder wall; low ring
piston

6. Hollow, muffled bell-like Piston slap due to worn Service engine

sound(engine cold) pistons or walls, collapsed
piston skirts, misaligned
rods, lack of oil

7. Dull, metallic knock Regular worm maim Service engine

under load, especially when bearings, irregular worm
cold thrust bearing knock on
clutch engine or hard
acceleration
4. Miscellaneous noises Loosely mounted Tighten mounting
accessories such as
alternator, horn, air pump,
etc.
The End