WR_BT02_E1_1 WCDMA Wireless Principle

ZTE University TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

Electromagnetic propagation: --direct radiation reflection diffraction and scattering

Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves caused because of distance Slow fading Loss because of being blocked by some objects in the

propagation path
Fast fading Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens

wavelength ranges

Description of Fast fading distribution

Rayleigh distribution non line-of sight(NLOS) transmission Rician distribution line-of sight(LOS) transmission

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal
0
time

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering
0 2 3 +

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

delay
0dB 0 +

fading
-25dB

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile that is Doppler effect that is Doppler effect

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)
Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

MA T HAM H ME R

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

MATH HAMMER

30 KHz 5 MHz

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Spreading

radio channel Noise

Despreadin g

Transmitter

Receiver

User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)

Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal

bandwidth Rb
For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s

Rb(voice)=12.2kbit/s

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Sf signal signal
f0 Sf

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise signal

f0

signal White noise

f0

Before despreading

After despreading

signal

interference

White noise

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v

Spreading Mode

Direct sequence spread spectrum DS-SS

Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise

sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by

power detection accuracy

WCDMA uses DS-SS

Frequency hopping spread spectrum FH-SS

Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency

hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband

modulation
No near-far effect

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.

Wideband Signal

Slow Information Sent

Slow Information Recovered

TX

RX

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal by

using the right orthogonal code

Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and noise

Processing Gain
Broadband Interference Unwanted Power from Other Resoures

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 Code2 Mul Sum

+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 0 Orthogonal

Code1 Code2 Mul Sum

+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -2 Non-orthogonal

Orthogonal
the result of multiplying and sum is 0

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Example of orthogonal code

-1 1

MUL
1 -1 1 -1

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1

MUL
1 -1 1 -1

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Integral

-4 0

4 0

Judge

-1

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Direct spread technique

S1 S1xC1

W S2 S2XC2

Spreading
Air Interface

S N

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC 1 =S1

(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

Despreading C1xC2=0, C1,C2,orthogonal

[S1xC1+S2xC2]x C2 =S2

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol

Data=010010
Chip

1 -1

Spreading code = 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ( SF = 8 ) Spread signal = Data code

Spreading

1 -1 1 -1

Spreading code Data = Spread signal Spreading code

Despreadin g

1 -1 1 -1

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability (Rake receive and

soft handover)

Anti-sudden-pulse High security (CDMA technique, Security function) Lower transmitting power Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access Communication

Occupy band wide Complex realization

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Purpose of Channel Coding

By adding redundant information in the original data stream, receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data transmission rates. Ensure the integrality

of DATA.
Can not satisfy the communication Can satisfy the speech communication Can satisfy the data communication

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2

Convolutional coding BER<10-3

Turbo coding

BER<10

-6

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Principle of Channel Coding

Channel coding
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/2 1/3 Increase noneffective load and transmission time Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

are widely applied.

WCDMA TURBO SPEAK

Encoding

WWCCDDMMAA T T UURRBBOO S S PPEEAAKK

Decoding

W? CCDDMMAA T T

? URRBBOO

S S PPEE A? KK

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected errors Advance the correcting validity

disadvantage
Increase the processing delay Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the unexpected

error .

e.g.
x1 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x16 x21 x22 x23 x24 x25

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x2 x3 x4 x5

Data output
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA TURBO SPEAK
Encoding

WWCCDDMMAA T T UURRBBOO S S PPEEAAKK

WTSWTS
Interleaving

CUPCUP DREDRE MBAMBA AOKAOK

Encoding + Interleaving can correct both continuous and non-continuous errors W??CDDMMA? T ? ?UR??BOO S ? ?P?EAAKK

WTS???
Deinterleaving

Decoding

? ? ?CUP DR?D?E M?AMBA AOK?OK

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation WCDMA Radio mechanism

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Principle of Modulation

Definition
Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or

phase of an electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information.

Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve

communication effectiveness
bit

Modulation

Symbol

Classification
Analog Modulation Digital Modulation

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Analog Modulation

The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an information-bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for transmission.
Common analog modulation methods include: Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM)

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Digital Modulation

The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a continuous-time waveform (perhaps impressed on a carrier).
Basic analog modulation methods include Amplitude shift Keying (ASK) Frequency shift Keying (FSK) Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication WCDMA Radio mechanism WCDMA Data transmission Procedure Channel Coding of WCDMA Spreading Technology of WCDMA Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Radio mechanism

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Interleaving Baseband modulation

UE Data

Spreading

Modulation

RF Transmitting

Despreading

Demodulation

RF Receiving

Baseband demodulation

Decoding & Deinteleaving

UE Data

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication WCDMA Radio mechanism WCDMA Data transmission Procedure Channel Coding of WCDMA Spreading Technology of WCDMA Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Convolutional Code

Characteristics
Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal

channel
Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3 Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude Easy decoding Short delay Suitable for realtime service
e.g. speech and video service.

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Turbo Code

Characteristics
Used in Data service channel Code Rate is 1/3 Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay

services
Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is BER sensitive &

delay insensitive
e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication WCDMA Radio mechanism WCDMA Data transmission Procedure Channel Coding of WCDMA Spreading Technology of WCDMA Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol Chip 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps

Data

Spread Data

OVSF Code

Scrambling Code

Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMA SF of uplink channelization code 4~256 SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512 OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Channelization Code

Adopt OVSF code

Definition:

Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where

SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C ch,2,0 = (1,1) C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, -1)

C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,4,2 = (1, - 1 ,1, - 1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-1) C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, -1, 1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Scrambling Code
WCDMA

Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)

It has similar noise array character, seemingly random

but with regularity.

Can make the user data further random ,

strengthened by scrambling a code to keep secret the

user scrambling same time easy to carry out WCDMAdata, at the code is generated from Gold multiple access sequence communication.
Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation. Cross-correlation is very weak between two

codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple

access.

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Characteristic of Scrambling code

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish different users in one cell.

There are 218 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different cells
Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which

are code 0 1 8191. They are divided into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1 primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64

primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes in each group.

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling Codes

218 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all (0..262142) No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group No. 511 Scrambling Code Group

No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group No. 510 PSC No. 7 Scrambling Code Group Scrambling Code 8176 8176 Group 8177 8177 SSC No. PSC No. 504 Scrambling Code 112 81761 Scrambling Code Group 8160 8160 Group No. 0 Scrambling Code Group 113 8177 8161 8161 8191 8191 SSC 16 8064 8064 16 PSC 17 17 SSC 0 0 PSC 127 8191 8175 8065 8175 8065 1 1 SSC 31 8079 8079 31 SSC 15 15 SSC

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Code Functions

Channelization code ---- for separation of physical channels in the uplink and separation of users in the downlink

Scrambling code ---- for separation of users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in the downlink.

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Spreading code & scrambling code

cch 1 cch 2 cch 3

Cch spread code
Relative to service rate extended to 3.84Mchips/s A kind of orthogonal code

Air Interface

cscrambling

Modulatio n

Cscrambling scrambling code

Have no effect on signal bandwidth downlink for identifier cell uplink identifier terminal A pseudo-random sequence

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Processing Gain
P

Processing Gain Despreading W

Processing Gain =

Wc Rb

Rb

PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg , the better

The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Question
Whats the Processing Gain for voice service in WCDMA system?
Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps

PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units

Wc: 3.84Mchip/s Rb: 12.2kbps

So for voice service,

PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Despreading procedure

Method of dispreading

Input signal
Ts (*)dt
0

Output after despreading

When T=Ts, judge integral Local PN code

Contents
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication WCDMA Radio mechanism WCDMA Data transmission Procedure Channel Coding of WCDMA Spreading Technology of WCDMA Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Modulation Methods in WCDMA

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

WCDMA Radio mechanism

summary

Principle of WCDMA

All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band Users interfere with each other Adjacent cells use the same frequency Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes

Channel coding
Convolutional code Turbo code

Codes
Channelization code Scrambling code

Modulation
BPSK QPSK 16QAM