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DIRECT-CURRENT
MOTOR
CHARACTERISTIC
S
Presented by:
Mark Adrian T. Encina
Johndee B. Esperas
 Operating
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Difference
between
Motors and
Generators

Motor
• Is “fed” by an electric current from an electrical
source of supply;
• The motor current then produces two stationary
magnetic fields, one by the field poles and the other
by the rotating armature, which react with each
other to develop torque, which produces mechanical
rotation.
• Load on a motor constitutes the force that tends to
oppose rotation and is called countertorque such as;
fan blades, pumps, grinder, etc.
• The speed of rotation of a d-c motor tends to change
as the load varies.
• An increase in load causes the speed of a shunt
motor to drop slightly, that of a compound motor to
drop considerably, and that of a series motor to drop
very greatly.
Generator
• Is driven by a mechanical machine such as an engine, a3
water turbine, or even an electric motor
• The rotation through a magnetic field generates a
voltage, which, in turn, is capable of producing current in
an electric circuit.
• Load on a generator constitutes those electrical devices
that convert electrical energy to into other forms of
energy such as; electric lighting, electric furnace,
electrical welding, etc.
• Voltage of a generator tends to change when the load
changes.

Motor
• The speed and rotation of a d-c motor can be
changed by varying either or both of two things: (1)
the strength of the magnetic field and (2) the
voltage impressed across the armature terminals.
• Motor may or may not have a mechanical load
when they are started; as a matter of practical
significance, it is quite customary for a motor to
start a load that is often equal to or greater than the
rated name-plate value.
Generator
• The voltage of a generator can always be adjusted by4
doing either or both things, (1) changing the speed and
(2) changing the strength of the magnetic field
• Generators are always started without electrical loads;
the procedure is to bring them up to speed, adjust the
voltage, and then close the main switch that permits the
machine to deliver current.
DC Motor DC Generator
Classification of Direct-current Motors 6

Series Shunt Compound

 Counter • Voltage generated by a motor
• Results when an armature is placed in a magnetic
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Electromotive field and the winding is supplied with current.

Force • The armature conductors continually cut through the

resultant stationary magnetic field, and because of

(Counter EMF) such flux cutting, voltages are generated.

• Counter EMF can never be equal to, and must always
be less than, the voltage impressed across the
armature terminals.
 Starting a • At the instant a d-c motor is started, the counter emf
Ec is zero because the armature is not revolving. As the
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Direct-current armature accelerates to full speed, the value of Ec rises to

a value that causes the proper value of armature
Motor current IA to flow.
• The instant of starting, when Ec is zero the armature
current would be extremely high unless some
resistance were added to offset the lack of Ec.
How a variable resistor should be inserted in the armature 9

circuits of the three types of motor

Series Shunt Compound

Starters for • Used as auxiliaries with d-c shunt and compound
motors.
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Shunt and • Their primary function is to limit the current in the

armature circuit during the starting or accelerating
Compound period.

Motors • There are 2 types of motor starters for shunt and

compound motors. The three-point type and the four-
point type.
Controllers for • When a starter is equipped with some means for
varying the speed of the motor to which it is
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Series Motors connected, it is called a controller.

• May also be designed to permit reversing the
direction of rotation and may include protective
features such as overload relays, undervoltage
relays, and open-field devices.
Automatic • The starting resistors are timed to be cut out so that
the acceleration is uniform and the maximum
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Starter for allowable armature current is not exceeded.

• May also be designed to permit reversing the
Shunt and direction of rotation and may include protective
features such as overload relays, undervoltage
Compound relays, and open-field devices.

Motors
 Speed • The speed of a shunt motor rises about 2 to 8
percent when the rated load is completely removed.
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Characteristics • The speed of a compound motor rises approximately

of Direct-
10 to 25 percent when the rated load is completely
removed.

current Motors • The speed of a series motor rises very rapidly when
the load is removed and must, therefore, always
drive some load.
 Speed • It is customary to speak of the natural, or
inherent, change in speed of a shunt or
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Regulation of compound motor between full load and no

Direct-current load as the regulation. And when this
regulation is referred to the full load or
Motors rated speed of the motor express in percent,
it is called percent regulation.
Example Number 1 15
Example Number 2 16
Fin