Lahore Grammar School

Paragon City Lahore

SCIENCE GRADE 8
 PHYSICS (LESSON 1)
CHAPTER 4:FORCES AND MOTION
SUB TOPICS:
 4.1:Motion and speed
4.1:Motion and Speed
Scalar Quantities: These quantities have magnitude but no direction e.g
mass, speed, distance & time.
Vector Quantities: Have magnitude as well as direction. E.g force,
weight, moment, acceleration, velocity and displacement.
Distance = d : It’s SI unit is m is the total length covered by a moving
object irrespective of the direction of motion. i-e only the magnitude is
of importance.10m
Displacement: is the distance measured, is a straight line and in a
specified direction so both magnitude and direction are important. E.g
10m
Speed = S : is the distance moved per unit time.
Speed = formula = s=d/t
SI unit = m/s
It’s a scalar quantity
Speed = distance/time
Average speed : is the total distance moved in a given time
Av speed = total distance moved/ total time taken
Steady speed / uniform speed /: When a moving object covers same
distance in same interval of time
t 1s 2s 3s 4s
Distance 10m 20m 30m 40m
Speed 10m/s 10m/s 10m/s 10m/s

Velocity (v) : is the defined as rate of change of displacement.

It is speed in a specified direction.
Velocity : displacement/time taken
Average Velocity : total displacement/ total time taken
SI unit = m/s
e.g 10m/s or +10m/s (right)
Initial Velocity / Final Velocity : is the starting speed of an object in a
specified direction: and Final velocity is the final speed of an object is a
specified direction.
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
Terminal Velocity : When an object falls in a uniform gravitational field,
it accelerates until air resistance is equal to the pull of gravity. It then
continues to fall at a constant velocity which is known as terminal
velocity.
Acceleration (a) : is the rate of change of velocity or gain in velocity
Acceleration = gain in velocity/time taken
a = vf- vi/t
SI unit = m/s2
Retardation or deceleration : is loss in velocity in a given time
a = vf-vi/t or retardation = loss in velocity/time taken
Negative acceleration is called retardation
a = vf - vi /t
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
 Speed is the distance moved per  Velocity is the rate of change of
unit time. displacement or the speed in a
 Formula: Speed=distance/time specified direction.
 SI unit: meters/second(m/s)  Velocity = displacement/time
 Scalar quantity  SI unit = m/s
 Vector quantity
 ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION

Acceleration Retardation
 Is the gain in velocity in a given  Is the loss in velocity in a given
time or rate of change of velocity. time.
 Formula:  Formula:
 Acceleration = gain in  Retardation =Loss in
velocity/time velocity/time
 a = vf - vi /t  Negative acceleration is
 SI unit = meter/second square retardation
 a= vf-vi/t
Acceleration and retardation
Q1:A bike takes 8s to increase it’s velocity from 10m/s to 30m/s. What is it’s
average acceleration?
Q2: A rally driver has 5s to stop her car, which is travelling at a speed of
20m/. What is her retardation?
Q3 An air craft on its take off run has a steady acceleration of 3m/s2.
a. How much velocity does it gain in 10s?
b. If it was travelling with an intitial velocity of 10m/s what is its final velocity
after 10s?
4.2: MOTION GRAPHS
Speed-time graph