Motives: Secondary

Motives

BSAP-II
SAMRA SAEED
Secondary Motives

 Play and Manipulation

 Exploration and Curiosity
 Affiliation
 Achievement and Power
 Competition
 Cooperation
 Social Approval
 Self Actualization
Secondary Motives

 Secondary motives are taken into consideration when primary

motives and basic necessities are no longer an issue to fulfill or
satisfy.
 These are the cause of the development of personality.
 As personality is the product of heredity and environment, no man
in the world lives alone.
 According to Aristotle, man is a social animal.
 In order to adjust in his society, he has to learn many things from
his environment throughout his life. That’s why it is difficult to
explain them under one head.
Play and Manipulation

 Play motive is also very important among the objective motives.

 It not only makes man to exert his physical and mental abilities but
also promotes his sociability by creating the emotions of sympathy
(to fell with others ) and empathy (feeling into a person or a
thing); cooperation and coordination with the members of pro-
team and emotions of eagerness, competition, winning over the
opponent team ,tolerance patience and sportsman spirit.
 A player learns to keep his morale high.
 And struggle continuously to be successful in achieving his goal
and play motive helps man to be physically and mentally fit.
 Manipulation helps the animals and human beings to learn
to handle and use the things found in their environment.
 The learning ability of the animals Is inferior to the human
learning ability as he not only uses his hands but also uses
his intellect.
 A human child does not keep his ability to learn the rules
and techniques of games alone; but as he grows younger, he
learns to operate and repair different machines, instruments
and apparatus etc. And thus he adjusts himself as an expert
In his environment.
Exploratory and Curiosity

 Exploratory motive is observed both in human and animals .

 A human child at the age of 3 months ,starts to explore world by
moving his eyes after the moving objects or toys, as he grows older, he
breaks his toys to look into the toys construct and use .
 The emotion of curiosity energizes his behavior to explore things and
get know –how about.
 As he is able to speak, he questions his friends, elders and teaches about
an unknown thing.
 So the journey from unknown to known depends on the exploratory
motive.
 From the time immemorial, man has been exploring the world and has
made many discoveries and inventions in the field of art and science.
 A stimulus and exploration motive might also be called curiosity motive.
 The tendency to find out and explore new things may be called curiosity.
 Traveling is a common way for people to discover new places, new things
and new developments taking place outside their environment.
 By exploring new things ,people want to expand their knowledge and
experience.
 When children are growing up, they are driven to explore new things .
 Toys are others articles are not accepted useless they are examined from
various angles, even if the items become damaged or ruined in the
process.
 Almost all individuals have a desire to have some standing
position among the people of his society or group.
 Nobody likes to be considered inferior.
 Efforts to achieve a rank in the hierarchy of the group are present
not just in human beings, but even among birds and animals, e.g.
‘pecking order’ among hens.
Affiliation

 Man cannot exist in isolation. The need to be with other people is

known as affiliation need.
 This need is revealed through one’s attraction to others through
friendship, sociability or group membership.
 They make more local phone calls, visits and seek approvals of
others.
 Need to rely on others which is called dependency motive is one form
of the need for affiliation.
 When little children are frightened, they seek others to comfort them.
 This kind of experience in early life makes one seek the friendly
company of others when faced with anxiety and fear.
Achievement and Power

 They refer to a drive towards some standards of excellence.

 People with high-level achievement motives prefer tasks that
would promise success and are moderately difficult.
 David C McClelland has found that while high achievers tend to
succeed, low achievers tend to avoid failures.
 High achievers challenge failures and work harder while low
achievers accept failures and go for less difficult tasks.
 High achievers prefer personal responsibility and like to get
feedback about their works.
 Children whose parents have accepted their independence tend to
become high achievers, while those of overprotective parents tend
to become low achievers.
 Children learn by copying the behavior of their parents and other
important people in their lives who serve as models.
 The parental expectations also develop achievement motivation in
children.
 In order for children to achieve success in their future, parents
must try to instill leadership qualities in them.
 When a person has a power motive, he or she is concerned about
how their an actions will affect others. They try to influence others
through their reputation.
 When a person has a power motive, he or she will expect others to
bow to them as they give instructions.
 People with a strong power motive normally choose jobs in which
they can use their power.
 These people expect high status and recognition from others.
 People may wish to become police officers, politicians, or deputy
commissioners, for example.
Competition

 Competition may be between two individuals or two groups or a

competition of one individual with himself. Competition increases
the rate and quality of work.
 However, the healthy competition involves an individual honest
work whereas unhealthy competition may involve dishonesty in
surpassing others; e.g. the quantity of work may raise but the
quality may get poorer.
 So healthy competition with fair means should be encouraged and
the unfair means should be discouraged.
 Some people make themselves a target for competition and
compare their present work with the work done by them in the
past.
 So competition whether in individual`s or groups often increases
the performance.
Cooperation

 Cooperation is needed when collective performance is assessed

than the individual`s separate performance.
 An individual who identifies him with a group , cooperates with
his group expecting that his group`s performance is his own
performance.
 Such identification of each members to his associated group
exceeds cooperation and the production is qualitatively and
quantitatively better as a result of cooperation and coordination.
 If an individual is selfish and jealous of his group members, the
work rate and quality will be negatively affected.
Social Approval
 The Approval Motive is how people go about being accepted in
society and what may or may not be approved by social standards.
In other words, they want to feel sanctioned and not shunned.
 The need for social approval sustains cohesive societies.
Individuals who “dance to their own drummer” and care little
about what others think of them can remain within the community
if they are needed and are willing to fulfill that need.
 Otherwise, they extract themselves or can be removed by the
group if they are unwilling to contribute or are a hindrance.
 Often, there is no certainty in knowing which “nonconformists”
will or will not be tolerated in a society. Therefore, those who
want to enhance their chances of inclusion are frequently
motivated to maintain social approval.
Self Actualization

 A self-actualized person is someone who feels fulfilled and has

accomplished all the things they are capable of accomplishing in
their life through personal growth and peak experiences, which are
moments of deep meaning or emotion.
 Here are a few characteristics of a self-actualized person:
 Problem-centered (not self-centered)
 Highly creative
 Takes responsibility and works hard
 Strong moral/ethical standards
 Honest and avoids deception
 To understand self-actualization, it is important to be aware of
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which depicts the five basic needs
individuals have during various stages of their lives.
 Abraham Maslow (the creator of Maslow's hierarchy of needs)
believed human motivation is based on an individual's ability to
seek fulfillment and change through personal growth.
 Maslow asserted that individuals strive for higher needs when their
lower-level needs have been fulfilled or satisfied.
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