MOTIVATION

Samra Saeed
BSAP-II
Outline

 What is Motivation?
 Types of Motivation
 Motives
 Definition and Nature
 Classification of Motives
 Why?

 Why do you study or not study for tests?

 Why do you exercise or not exercise?
 Why do you drive fast or slow?
 Why do you eat?

The answer is Motivation

What is Motivation?

 The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior to satisfy physiological or
psychological needs.
 It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst
or reading a book to gain knowledge.
 Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that
activate behavior”.
Types of Motivation
Definition of Motive

 A motive is an internal or external force which motivates an individual to do

something to achieve his goal.
 According to Dr. Munn “motive is an internally motivating force which causes
movement in an individual.”
Nature of Motives

 Motives prepare an individual to do some act.

 Motives direct an individual`s behavior to achieve certain goal or
destination.
 Motives select only that activity which takes to a goal and satisfy
the need.
 An individual feels stress, tensions expectancy until he satisfies his
urge and achieve his goal.
 An individual is motivated from his circumstances.
 A motivated act is complete when the goal is achieved.
Motivational Cycle

1. Driving
force or
4. Relief
bodily
needs

2. Goal
3. Goal directed
behavior
Classification of Motives

Primary Motives (Biogenic) Secondary Motives (Sociogenic)

 Hunger  Play and Manipulation
 Thirst  Exploration and Curiosity
 Defection and Urination  Affiliation
 Fatigue  Achievement and Power
 Sleep  Competition
 Pain
 Cooperation
 Temperature Regulation
 Social Approval
 Maternal Behavior
 Self Actualization
 Sex
Classification of Motives Cont..
Primary Motives
Primary Motives

 Biological motives are important for the survival of life.

 These motives depend on some natural or instinctive demand.

 They are physiological needs which are not needed to be learned.

 An imbalance in the body activates these motives.

 The human body tends to maintain a state of equilibrium called “Homeostasis.”

Hunger
 Basic primary motive
 It is difficult for a man to survive after 1 week continuous hunger.
 Physical and mental health affected.
 Causes of hunger
 Psychological factors
 Contraction of stomach
 Cannon and Carlson experiment
 According to Ruch, there can be two factors in hunger motive.
i. Contraction of stomach
ii. The chemical factors
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN
THE REGULATION OF HUNGER
 The hypothalamus acts as the brain’s “feeding center” and is primarily responsible for
monitoring food intake.
 Complex biological mechanisms tell organisms whether they require food or should stop
eating.
 One important factor is changes in the chemical composition of the blood. For instance,
changes in levels of glucose, a kind of sugar, regulate feelings of hunger. In addition, the
hormone insulin leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and
carbohydrates. Finally, the hormone ghrelin communicates to the brain feelings of
hunger.
 Metabolism:
The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
Eating Disorders

 Eating disorders are among the 10 most frequent causes of disability in young
women.
 Anorexia nervosa
A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their
behavior and appearance—which can become skeleton-like—are unusual.
 Bulimia nervosa
A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts
to purge the food through vomiting or other means.
Thirst

 A biological motive without which an individual cannot survive for more than three days.
 Dehydration endangers his life as the throat gets dry, blood thickens and circulatory system
is badly affected.
 On the question, whether thirst is felt in throat or in stomach, experiment were conducted
on dogs.
 In one experimental group water was supplied to the stomach.
 In the other experimental group, water was supplied directly through a tube.
 It shows that water is chemically a need of our circulatory system along with the dryness
of throat and lips.
 After going without water or exercising intensively, the body begins to deplete
two kinds of fluid reservoirs as water is gradually eliminated through
perspiration, respiration, or urination.
 The first type of reservoir is made up of water contained within the cells. This
water is mixed with the protein, fat, and carbohydrate molecules that form the
structure and contents of the cell. The water inside your cells is your intracellular
reservoir.
 The second type of reservoir is made up of water that is outside the cells. This
water is contained in blood and other body fluids and is called the extracellular
reservoir.
Defection and Urination

 When the bladder or intestine becomes bloated with waste material, they cause pressure
and discomfort. The person becomes restless until the waste materials are eliminated and
pressure relieved.

 We cannot tolerate anything excessive or wasteful in our bodies.

 Sweat and urine are both ways for excess water to leave the body.

 Similarly, digested food particles are also sent out in the form of stools after absorption of
nutritional substances.

 It takes some time for these waste products to be eliminated.

Fatigue

 Fatigue or tiredness occurs when an individual has overworked or has not worked at all.

 Lactic acid is accumulated in muscles due to overwork, over exercise or over play of
muscles.

 Rest and relaxation restores the muscular tension

 Fatigue may also be the cause of mental tension and frustration.

Sleep

 An individual deprived of sleep is never physically and mentally fresh.

 Sleep is a general relaxation of body.
 A normal adult becomes fresh after a sleep of 5-7 hours.
 Many diseases and abnormalities occur due to the lack of sleep.
 Cultural factors
 Regular alteration of light and darkness
 Gene HP2, controller of biological clock
 Hypothalamus, centre of sleep, injury may cause insomnia
 Sleeplessness is the worst punishment
 An individual can go without sleep for as long as 100 hours
Pain

 It cells are spreaded in the dermis and muscles of the whole body.
 Pain is a savior of our life
 An individual avoid pain by taking pain killers.
 If we could not feel pain, we would be unaware of the attack of any disease.
Temperature Regulation

 Feeling of heat and cold

 Healthy person temperature: 98.4F
 Above 98.4F is the sign of fever
 Below 98.4 F is the sign of weakness
 The thermometer has 92 to 110 F temperature.
 It is very difficult for a person to survive below 96 F and above 107F.
 Maintain temp at 98.4 F
 Sensory cells= body and hypothalamus
 In winter
 Endocrine glands secrete their hormones increasing e.g, adrenaline and thyroxin is
increased which makes the body hyperactive and the blood pressure is also increased due
to contraction of arteries.
 In summer
 The arteries expand to circulate the blood and keep the body cool through perspiration.
Maternal Behavior

 Instinctive in nature
 Equally found in humans and animals
 The male and female birds build their nest in a joint effort
 This motive retains for the whole life in human mother
 Maternal motive involves the mother`s love and devotion for her children without wanting
any return.
 Father also works hard to earn for his children.
Sex motive

 As a result of hormone secretion-androgens and estrogens, this motive arise in the

organism.

 Individual sexual needs are not vital to survival, but they are critical to the survival of
species.

 Sexual needs are not satisfied in the same way that hunger or thirst are.

 Several rules and regulations govern our behavior.

 People are required by these rules to follow.

Homework assignment

 Motivation worksheet