TOPIC A: EMOTION AND MOTIVES

I. INTRODUCTION
Jasmine, a girl from a little known town, puts in 10-12 hours of hard work
every day in order to get through the various engineering entrance examinations.
Joseph, a physically challenged boy, wants to take part in an expedition and
trains himself extensively in a mountaineering institute. Ethan saves money from
his scholarship so that he can buy a gift for his mother. These are just a few
examples, which indicate the role motivation plays in human behaviour. Each of
these behaviours are caused by an underlying motive. Behaviour is goal-driven.
Goal-seeking behaviour tends to persist until the goal is achieved. For achieving
their goals people plan and undertake different activities. How is Jasmine going
to feel if after all the hard work she has put in, she does not succeed or Ethan‟s
scholarship money gets stolen. Jasmine, perhaps, will be sad and Ethan angry.
This chapter will help you to understand the basic concepts of motivation and
emotion, and related developments in these two areas. You will also get to know
the concepts of frustration and conflict. The basic emotions, their biological
bases, overt expressions, cultural influences, their relationship with motivation,
and some techniques to help you manage your emotions better will also be dealt
with.
II. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Motivation- is derived from the Latin word „movere‟, referring to movement of

activity.
Motivational Cycle- Psychologists now use the concept of need to describe the
motivational properties of behaviour.
Drive- is a state of tension or arousal produced by a need. It energizes random
activity.
Biological motives-are also known as physiological motives as they are guided
mostly by the physiological mechanisms of the body.
Psychosocial motives- are primarily learned from the individual‟s interactions
with the various environmental factors.
Instinct- most approximately refers to an urge to do something.
Impetus- which drives the organism to do something to reduce that impetus.
Hunger- It motivates people to obtain and consume food.
Sex Drive - One of the most powerful drives in both animals and human beings.
Social Motives- motives mainly resulting from the individual‟s interaction with
her/his social environment.
Affiliation- Seeking other human beings and wanting to be close to them both
physically and psychologically.
Need for affiliation- is aroused when individuals feel threatened or helpless and
also when they are happy.
Need for power- is an ability of a person to produce intended effects on the
behaviour and emotions of another person.
Need for achievement- also known as n-Ach, energises and directs behaviour
as well as influences the perception of situations.
Physiological or biological needs - are basic to survival such as hunger, thirst,
etc.
Safety needs-This refers to the safety needs of physical and psychological
nature.
Belongingness needs-the need to seek out other people, to love and to be
loved.
Esteem needs- needs are fulfilled, the individual strives for esteem, i.e. the need
to develop a sense of self-worth.
Self-actualization needs-reflects an individual‟s motive towards the fullest
development of potential, i.e. self-actualization.
Curiosity- describes behaviour whose primary motive appears to remain in the
activities themselves.
Frustration- occurs when an anticipated desirable goal is not attained and the
motive is blocked.
Aggressive acts- are often directed towards the self or blocking agent, or a
substitute.
Direct aggressive - acts may be inhibited by the threat of punishment.
Environmental forces- which could be physical objects, constraining situations
or even other people who prevent a person from reaching a particular goal
Personal factors- like inadequacies or lack of resources that make it difficult or
impossible to reach goals.
Conflict -occurs whenever a person must choose between contradictory needs,
desires, motives, or demands.
Approach-approach conflict- comes from having to choose between two
positives and desirable alternatives.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict -comes from choosing between two negatives, or
mutually undesirable alternatives.
Approach avoidance conflict- comes from being attracted to and repelled by
the same goal or activity.
Emotion- is a subjective feeling and the experience of emotions varies from
person to person. An internal experience not directly observable by others and
inferred from verbal and non-verbal expressions.
verbal and non- verbal expressions- act as the channels of communication
and enable an individual to express one‟s emotions and to understand the
feelings of others.
Paralanguage- non-verbal aspects of the voice and temporal characteristics of
speech.
Facial expression - the most common channel of emotional communication.
Anxiety- is a condition that an individual develops in case of failure to adopt an
appropriate ego defense.
III. CONTENT

Nature of Motivation
The concept of motivation focuses on explaining what “moves” behaviour.
In fact, the term motivation is derived from the Latin word „movere‟, referring to
movement of activity. Most of our everyday explanation of behaviour is given in
terms of motives. Motives also help in making predictions about behaviour. A
person will work hard in school, in sports, in business, in music, and in many
other situations, if s/he has a very strong need for achievement. Hence, motives
are the general states that enable us to make predictions about behaviour in
many different situations. In other words, motivation is one of the determinants of
behaviour. Instincts, drives, needs, goals, and incentives come under the broad
cluster of motivation.

The Motivational Cycle

Psychologists now use the concept
of need to describe the motivational
properties of behaviour. A need is lack or
deficit of some necessity. The condition of
need leads to drive. A drive is a state of
tension or arousal produced by a need. It
energises random activity. When one of
the random activities leads to a goal, it
reduces the drive, and the organism stops
being active. The organism returns to a
balanced state.

Types of Motives
Basically, there are two types of motives: biological and psychosocial.
1. Biological motives are also known as physiological motives as they are
guided mostly by the physiological mechanisms of the body. The approach
adhering to the concept of adaptive act holds that organisms have needs
(internal physiological imbalances) that produce drive, which stimulates
behaviour leading to certain actions towards achieving certain goals, which
reduce the drive. The earliest explanations of motivation relied on the concept of
instinct. The term instinct most approximately refers to an urge to do something.
Some common human instincts include curiosity, flight, repulsion, reproduction,
parental care, etc. Instinct has an “impetus” which drives the organism to do
something to reduce that impetus.
 Hunger
When someone is hungry, the need for food dominates everything else. It
motivates people to obtain and consume food. Of course we must eat to live. But,
what makes you feel hungry? Studies have indicated that many events inside
and outside the body may trigger hunger or inhibit it. The stimuli for hunger
include stomach contractions, which signify that the stomach is empty, a low
concentration of glucose in the blood, a low level of protein and the amount of
fats stored in the body. The liver also responds to the lack of bodily fuel by
sending nerve impulses to the brain. The aroma, taste or appearance of food
may also result in a desire to eat. It may be noted that none of these alone gives
you the feeling that you are hungry. All in combination act with external factors
(such as taste, colour, by observing others eating, and the smell of food, etc.) to
help you understand that you are hungry.

 Thirst
When we are deprived of water for a period of several hours, the mouth
and throat become dry, which leads to dehydration of body tissues. Drinking
water is necessary to wet a dry mouth. But a dry mouth does not always result in
water drinking behaviour. In fact processes within the body itself control thirst and
drinking of water. Water must get into the tissues sufficiently to remove the
dryness of mouth and throat. Motivation to drink water is mainly triggered by the
conditions of the body: loss of water from cells and reduction of blood volume.
When water is lost by bodily fluids, water leaves the interior of the cells. The
anterior hypothalamus contains nerve cells called „osmoreceptors‟, which
generate nerve impulses in case of cell dehydration. These nerve impulses act
as a signal for thirst and drinking; when thirst is regulated by loss of water from
the osmoreceptors, it is called cellular-dehydration thirst.

 Sex
One of the most powerful drives in both animals and human beings is the
sex drive. Motivation to engage in sexual activity is a very strong factor
influencing human behaviour. However, sex is far more than a biological motive.
It is different from other primary motives (hunger, thirst) in many ways like, (a)
sexual activity is not necessary for an individual‟s survival; (b) homeostasis (the
tendency of the organism as a whole to maintain constancy or to attempt to
restore equilibrium if constancy is disturbed) is not the goal of sexual activity; and
(c) sex drive develops with age, etc.
2. Psychosocial motives, on the other hand, are primarily learned from the
individual‟s interactions with the various environmental factors. However, both
types of motives are interdependent on each other.

 Need for Affiliation

Formation of group is an important feature of human life. Often people try
desperately to get close to other people, to seek their help, and to become
members of their group. Seeking other human beings and wanting to be close to
them both physically and psychologically is
called affiliation. It involves motivation for
social contact. Need for affiliation is
aroused when individuals feel threatened
or helpless and also when they are happy.
People high on this need are motivated to
seek the company of others and to
maintain friendly relationships with other
people.

 Need for Power

Need for power is an ability of a
person to produce intended effects on the
behaviour and emotions of another person.
The various goals of power motivation are
to influence, control, persuade, lead, and
charm others and most importantly to
enhance one‟s own reputation in the eyes
of other people.

 Need for Achievement

The achievement motivation refers to
the desire of a person to meet standards of
excellence. Need for achievement, also
known as n-Ach, energizes and directs
behavior as well as influences the
perception of situations. During the formative
years of social development, children
acquire achievement motivation. The
sources, from which they learn it, include parents, other role models, and socio-
cultural influences. Persons high in achievement motivation tend to prefer tasks
that are moderately difficult and challenging.
 Curiosity and Exploration
It is a motivational tendency to act without any specific identifiable goal.
The tendencies to seek for a novel experience, gain pleasure by obtaining
information, etc. are signs of curiosity. Hence, curiosity describes behavior
whose primary motive appears to remain in the activities themselves. Studies
show that this curiosity behavior is not
only limited to human beings, animals too
show the same kind of behavior. We are
driven to explore the environment by our
curiosity and our need for sensory
stimulation. The need for varied types of
sensory stimulations is closely related to
curiosity. It is the basic motive, and
exploration and curiosity are the
expressions of it.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

There are various views on human motivation; the most popular among
these is given by Abraham H. Maslow (1968; 1970). He attempted to portray a
picture of human behavior by arranging the various needs in a hierarchy. His
viewpoint about motivation is very popular because of its theoretical and applied
value which is popularly known as the “Theory of Self-actualization”.
 Maslow‟s model can be conceptualized as a pyramid in which the bottom
of this hierarchy represents basic physiological or biological needs which are
basic to survival such as hunger, thirst, etc. Only when these needs are met, the
need to be free from threatened danger arises. This refers to the safety needs of
physical and psychological nature. Next is the belongingness need, the need to
seek out other people, to love and to be loved. After these needs are fulfilled, the
individual strives for esteem, the need to develop a sense of self-worth. The next
higher need in the hierarchy is the self-actualization needs, which reflects an
individual‟s motive towards the fullest development of potential. A self-actualized
person is self-aware, socially responsive, creative, spontaneous, open to novelty,
and challenge. S/he also has a sense of humor and capacity for deep
interpersonal relationships.
Frustration and Conflict
Frustration occurs when an anticipated desirable goal is not attained and
the motive is blocked. It is an aversive state and no one likes it. Frustration
results in a variety of behavioural and emotional reactions. They include
aggressive behaviour, fixation, escape, avoidance, and crying. In fact frustration-
aggression is a very famous hypothesis proposed by Dollard and Miller. It states
that frustration produces aggression.
Conflict occurs whenever a person must choose between contradictory
needs, desires, motives, or demands. There are three basic forms of conflicts, for
example, approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, and
approach-avoidance conflict. Approach-approach conflict comes from having to
choose between two positives and desirable alternatives. Avoidance-avoidance
conflict comes from choosing between two negatives, or mutually undesirable
alternatives. Approach-avoidance conflict comes from being attracted to and
repelled by the same goal or activity. A central characteristic of approach-
avoidance conflict is ambivalence — a mix of positive and negative conflicts.
Some examples of approach-avoidance conflicts are: a person wanting to buy a
new motorbike but not wanting to make monthly payments, wanting to eat when
one is overweight, and planning to marry someone her/his parents strongly
disapprove of. Many of life‟s important decisions have approach-avoidance
dimensions.
Nature of Emotions
Emotion is a subjective feeling and the experience of emotions varies from
person to person. In psychology, attempts have been made to identify basic
emotions. It has been noted that at least six emotions are experienced and
recognized everywhere. These are: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness,
and surprise.
 Emotion is an internal experience not directly observable by others.
Emotions are inferred from verbal and nonverbal expressions. These verbal and
nonverbal expressions act as the channels of communication and enable an
individual to express one‟s emotions and to understand the feelings of others.
Cultural Bases of Emotions
Studies have revealed that the most basic emotions are inborn and do not
have to be learned. Psychologists largely have a notion that emotions, especially
facial expressions, have strong biological ties. For example, children who are
visually impaired from birth and have never observed the smile or seen another
person‟s face, still smile or frown in the same way that children with normal vision
do. But on comparing different cultures we see that learning plays an important
role in emotions. This happens in two ways. First, cultural learning influences the
expression of emotions more than what is experienced, for example, some
cultures encourage free emotional expression, whereas other cultures teach
people, through modeling and reinforcement, to reveal little of their emotions in
public. Second, learning has a great deal to do with the stimuli that produce
emotional reactions. It has been shown that individuals with excessive fears
(phobia) of elevators, automobiles, and the like learnt these fears through
modeling, classical conditioning or avoidance conditioning.
Expression of Emotions
The verbal channel of communication is composed of spoken words as
well as other vocal features of speech like pitch and loudness of the voice. These
non-verbal aspects of the voice and temporal characteristics of speech are called
„paralanguage‟. Other non-verbal channels include facial expression, kinetic
(gesture, posture, movement of the body) and proximal (physical distance during
face-to-face interaction) behaviors. Facial expression is the most common
channel of emotional communication. Facial expressions play an important role
in our everyday lives. There has been some research evidence supporting
Darwin‟s view that facial expressions for basic emotions (joy, fear, anger, disgust,
sadness, and surprise) are inborn and universal.
Managing negative Emotions
Emotions exist on a continuum. There are various intensities of an
emotion that can be experienced by us. You can experience extreme elation or
slight happiness, severe grief or just pensiveness. However, most of us usually
maintain a balance of emotions. When faced with a conflicting situation,
individuals attempt to adjust and derive a coping mechanism either with task or
defense oriented reactions. These coping patterns help them prevent abnormal
emotional reactions such as anxiety, depression etc.
Anxiety is a condition that an individual develops in case of failure to adopt an
appropriate ego defense. Anxious individuals find it difficult to concentrate or to
make decisions even for trivial matters.
The state of depression affects an individual‟s ability to think rationally, feel
realistically, and work effectively. The condition overwhelms the mood state of
the individual. Because of its enduring nature, the individual who suffers from
depression develops a variety of symptoms like difficulty in falling asleep,
increased level of psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased ability to think
or concentrate, and loss of interest in personal or social activities, etc.

Effective emotion management is the key to effective social functioning in

modern times. The following tips might prove useful to you for achieving the
desired balance of emotions :
 Enhance self-awareness: Be aware of your own emotions and feelings.
Try to gain insight into the „how‟ and „why‟ of your feelings.
 Appraise the situation objectively: It has been proposed that emotion is
preceded by evaluation of the event. If the event is experienced as
disturbing, your sympathetic nervous system is activated and you feel
stressed. If you do not experience the event as disturbing, then there is no
stress. Hence, it is you who decides whether to feel sad and anxious or
happy and relaxed.
 Do some self-monitoring: This involves constant or periodic evaluation
of your past accomplishments, emotional and physical states, real and
vicarious experiences. A positive appraisal would enhance your faith in
yourself and lead to enhanced feeling of wellness and contentment.
 Engage in self-modeling: Be the ideal for yourself. Repeatedly observe
the best parts of your past performance and use them as an inspiration
and motivation to perform better in the future.
 Perceptual reorganization and cognitive restructuring: Try viewing the
events differently and visualize the other side of the coin. Restructure your
thoughts to enhance positive and reassuring feelings and eliminate
negative thoughts.
 Be creative: Find and develop an interest or a hobby. Engage in an
activity that interests and amuses you.
 Develop and nurture good relationships: Choose your friends carefully.
In the company of happy and cheerful friends you will feel happy in
general.
 Have empathy: Try understanding other‟s feelings too. Make your
relationships meaningful and valuable. Seek as well as provide support
mutually.
  Participate in community service: Help yourself by helping others. By
doing

IV. 5 QUESTIONS
1. What are the biological bases of hunger and thirst needs?
2. What is the basic idea behind Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs? Explain with
suitable examples.
3. Does physiological arousal precede or follow an emotional experience?
Explain.
4. How does culture influence the expression of emotions?
5. Why is it important to manage negative emotions? Suggest ways to manage
negative emotions.

V. REFERENCES
https://www.thoughtco.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-4582571
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kepy109.pdf
https://enserioeducation.in/Notes_Enserio/1.9%20Motivation%20and%20Emotio
n/1.9%20Motivation%20and%20Emotion.html
https://www.businesstopia.net/human-resource/achievement-theory-motivation
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=ch-10-motivation-emotion-
review-quiz

VI. LIST OF MEMBERS

Abag, Janelle
Acosta, Christian Cyrous
Caringal, Joyce
Catipan, Cristine Joy
Garing, Bernice
Lovendino, Primrose
Samarita, Jan Christian Ken