Unit - 4

Motivation
 Meaning
 Concept
 Type
 Theories
 Motives and
behavior
Introduction
 A girl wants to be a doctor, a man strikes for
political power, a person in great pain wants for
relief, another person is eventually hungry and
things for nothing then food, women work hard at
a job to achieve a feeling of success, a man has
just committed murder and the police says the
motive was revenge. These are just few of the
motives that plays so large a part in human
behavior, this may be basic wants such as hunger
to complicated long-term motives such as political
ambition, desire to serve humanity.
 These examples shows that behavior is driven and
pulled towards goals. They also show us that such
goal-seeking behavior. This driving and pulling
force resulting in persistent behavior directed
towards a particular goal is term as ‘motivation’.
Definition
 Motivation refers to a state within a
person or animal that drives behavior
towards some goal.
Or
 Motivation refers to the driving and pulling
force which result in persistent behavior
directed towards particular goals.
Meaning Of Motivation
 Motivation is derived from latin word ‘movere’
which means ‘to move’ or ‘to energize’ or ‘to
activate’. It is a process which arouse energy or
drive in the individual to proceed in an activity.
The activity is aroused, fulfills the need and
reduced the drive of tension. Until it has not fulfilled
the need, the drive is not reduced.
 Motivation is often used to refer an individual’s
goal, need, wants, intentions and purpose. For
example, one is hungry, the need is food, and its
induced drive. When the food is searched and
drive ‘hunger’ is reduced.
 All human behaviour is motivated by something.
Very little human behaviour is completely random.
Most human behaviour is the goal directed.
People do things for some reason to get certain
result. The reason may not always seems logical or
rational, but they do tend to be systematic and
has behaviour is relatively predictable.
Concept Of Motivation
 Motivation is generated through basic needs or drives.
 It compels an individual to respond by creating a kind
of tension or to act
 It is a goal directed activity, pursued till the attainment
of the goal.
 Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension
aroused by a specific motive
 A change in goal may bring changes in the nature and
strength of the motive
 Motivation is an inner state
 We experience motive as feelings of want, need and
desire
 Motive may be considered as a learned response or
tendency.
 We cannot see motive directly, but see them from the
behavior of people
Type Of Motive
 PhysiologicalOr Primary Motive
 Social Or Secondary Motive
 Personal Motive
 Unconscious Motive
Physiological Or Primary
Motive
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Respiratory
 Need for rest and sleep
 Need for elimination of waste
 Sex motive
Social Or Secondary Motive
 Affiliation
motive
 Need for status
 Power motive
 Social approval
Personal Motive
 Need for achievement
 Vocational ambition and life goals
 Level of aspiration
 Force of habit
 Interest and attitude
 Curiosity
 Fear
Unconscious Motive
 Slips
of tongue
 Dreams – that express unfulfilled wishes
Theories Of Motivation
 Instincttheory
 Drive theory
 Incentive theory
 Arousal theory
 Maslow’s hierarchy
Instinct Theory Of Motivation
 People are motivated to behave in certain
ways because they are evolutionary program
to do so. Example - animal world’s seasonal
migration. These animals do not learn to do
this: it is an inborn pattern of behavior.
 William James created a list of human instinct
that include such thing as attachment, play,
shame, anger, fear, shyness modesty and love.
The main problem with this theory is that it did
not really explain behavior, it just described it.
Drive Theory (Push Theory Of
Motivation)
 Drive theory was developed by Clark in 1943.
According to this theory, people are motivated
to take certain action in order to reduce the
internal tension, that is caused by unmet
needs. For example a person might be
motivated to drink a glass of water in order to
reduce the internal state of thrust.
 Humans and other animals are motivated by
four drives: hunger, thirst, sex and avoidance of
pain. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors
that have a strong biological components,
such as hunger and thirst.
Incentive Theory (Pull Theory
Of Motivation)
 Incentive theory is based on behavior learning
theory proposed by pavlov. The incentive theory
suggests that people are motivated to do thing
because the external reward. This story emphasized
that an attractive incentive energize us to do
something, while and unattractive incentive
discouraged to do something. For example a
student is motivated by incentive of good grades
and teacher is motivated by incentive of promotion.
 In contrast with the push of drive theory, incentive
theory are pull theory of motivation. We are pushed
by our drive and pulled by incentive, the drive is the
need and the incentive is the reward.
Arousal Theory Of Motivation
 Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness and
activation caused by activity in the central
nervous system. The optimal level of arousal varies
with the person and the activity. The arousal
theory of motivation suggests that people take
certain action to either decrease or increase level
of arousal.
 When level get too low. For example a person
might have watched an exciting movie or go for a
jog. When arousal level get too high on other
hand person would probably look for ways to relax
such as meditation or reading a book. According
to this theory we are motivated to maintain an
optimal level of arousal.
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Motive And Behavior
 Motives act as the immediate force to
energize, direct, sustain and stop a behavior.
 Motives are a powerful tool for explaining
behavior.
 Motives helps us to make prediction about
behavior in many different situations.
 Motives do not tell us exactly what will happen
but only give us an idea about the range of
thing a person will do. A person will with a
need to achieve, will work hard in school,
business, work situation etc.
 Motives are inner force that control an
individuals behavior in a subtle manner.
Next Class

Frustration