IPv6

Amar Taggu
NERIST
IPv6
• IPv6 has a capacity of 340 trillion, trillion, trillion individual IP
addresses

• Example:
10000000010110110010110110011101110111000010100000000000
00000000000000000000000011111100010101111101010011001000
0001111111111111

• Let‘s make some sense out of these 128 bits!!

Network Layer 4-2

IPv6
Example:
100000000101101100101101100111011101110000101000000000000
000000000000000000000001111110001010111110101001100100000
01111111111111

Decimal Equivalent:
128.91.45.157.220.40.0.0.0.0.252.87.212.200.31.255
Helpful??

Network Layer 4-3

IPv6
Example:
100000000101101100101101100111011101110000101000000000000
000000000000000000000001111110001010111110101001100100000
01111111111111

Decimal Equivalent:
128.91.45.157.220.40.0.0.0.0.252.87.212.200.31.255
805b:2d9d:dc28::fc57:d4c8:1fff
 Shorter hexa-decimal equivalent. Friendlier 

Network Layer 4-4

IPv6
Let’s Practice:
Given IP v 6 address
0010000000000001000011011011100010101100000100001111111000000
0010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000
•Three steps to get the shorter, friendlier hexadecimal version
• Step 1: Divide the 128 bits into 8 blocks, each of 16 bits
• Step 2: Then split each block into 4 segments, each of 4 bits
• Step 3: Write down the hexadecimal equivalent of each segment

Network Layer 4-5

IPv6
Let’s Practice:
Given IP v 6 address
0010000000000001000011011011100010101100000100001111111000
0000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000
•Step 1:
•0010000000000001  0000110110111000  1010110000010000
 1111111000000001
0000000000000000  0000000000000000   0000000000000000
 0000000000000000
Network Layer 4-6
IPv6
Step 2:
•0010 0000 0000 0001  0000 1101 1011 1000  1010 1100 0001 0000  1111
1110 0000 0001
0000 0000 0000 0000  0000 0000 0000 0000   0000 0000 0000 0000  0000
0000 0000 0000
•Step 3:
•2001 : 0db8 : ac10 : fe01 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000

•Observation: The final result is still large!! Can we reduce its length
somehow???
Network Layer 4-7
Zero Compression/Suppression
Two techniques are used to further reduce the hexadecimal number

Zero Compression
 If there is more than one consecutive block where the characters are all zeros
you can compress them to :: (a double colon)
Zero Suppression
 Remove all leading 0s in each segment

Network Layer 4-8

Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
• not all routers can be upgraded simultaneously
• no “flag days”
• how will network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6
routers?
• tunneling: IPv6 datagram carried as payload in IPv4
datagram among IPv4 routers

IPv4 header fields IPv6 header fields

IPv4 payload
IPv4 source, dest addr IPv6 source dest addr
UDP/TCP payload

IPv6 datagram
IPv4 datagram
Network Layer 4-9
Tunneling
A B IPv4 tunnel E F
connecting IPv6 routers
logical view:
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6

A B C D E F
physical view:
IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Network Layer 4-10

Tunneling
A B IPv4 tunnel E F
connecting IPv6 routers
logical view:
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6

A B C D E F
physical view:
IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

flow: X src:B src:B flow: X

src: A dest: E src: A
dest: F
dest: E
dest: F
Flow: X Flow: X
Src: A Src: A
data Dest: F Dest: F data

data data

A-to-B: E-to-F:
IPv6 B-to-C: B-to-C: IPv6
IPv6 inside IPv6 inside
IPv4
Network Layer IPv4 4-11
Other techniques
• NAT64
• Dual Stack (Dual TCP/IP stack)

Network Layer 4-12