AG-CC113

Introduction to Animal Science

the anatomy and physiology of farm animals
And the nervous system

September 28, 2022

Objectives:

1. To know the different anatomic structures of different animals.

2. To know the importance and critical functions of the different physiological
systems in an animal.
3. Determine the classification of impulses.
4. Classify the divisions of Nervous system.
5 Differentiate Sympathetic from Parasympathetic.

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Commonly used terms:

Parturition - the act of giving birth

Calving - in Cows
Farrowing - in Sows
Foaling - in Mares
Kidding - in Goats
Lambing - in Ewes
Conception - act of fertilization
Dam - female parent
Fecundity/Prolificacy - ability to give birth to offspring frequently or numerous
young at frequent intervals.

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Commonly used terms:
Fertility - ability to produce fertilizable ova and to provide proper invironmet for
and initiating cell division and embryonic development
- Ability to produce large number of sperm capable of fertilization
Gestation - pregnancy term from conception to birth
Impotency - failure to copulate
Puberty - sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat or ovulation
Sire - the male parent
Sterility - inability to produce normal young
Transmitting ability - the ability of an normal to pass on either good or bad traits
to its progeny
Weaning - the processing of separating the young from its dam
Weanling - young animal, after separation from its dam

The study of the form and structure
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
 Are structures found outside the body which an
integral part of the organ system located
internally.
 Generally involved in the following functions:
I. Protection/covering such as feathers, hairs,
horns, skin, etc.
II. Digestion like mouth, beak, bill, snout,
muzzle, ect.
III. Sensation like skin, nostril, eyes, ears.
IV. Aesthetic like comb, wattles, feathers
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ANATOMY
INTERNAL ANATOMY
 Are organs and organ system which functions in
a well-coordinated manner to enable survival,
growth, and reproduction.
 Generally located the following:
I. Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart
II. Abdominal cavity - stomach, small
intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, large
intestine, kidneys, adrenals,
III. Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs
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 HOMEOSTATIS
 the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the
internal environment

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What is Nervous System?

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 The nervous system lets the animals to communicate
the outside environment, as well as their own body.
 It is made up of neurons and glial cells.
 The ability of awareness, thinking, feelings, emotions,
and all those features regarded as human superior
features are caused by the activity of the Nervous
System.

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Basic unit of the Nervous System
 The nerve cells or neurons
 Specialize in impulse conduction or the relay of messages from effector organs to
the nervous system and vice versa
 Synapse: a gap between two neurons; where nerve impulses are transmitted from
one nerve cell to another
 May be classified according to the direction of impulse conduction
1. Afferent (sensory) neurons – transmit nerve impulses from the effector
organ to the spinal cord or brain
2. Efferent (motor) neurons – transmit nerve impulses away from the brain or
spinal cord or towards muscles or glands
3. Interneurons – conduct impulses from an afferent neuron within the central
nervous system

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What are the divisions of the nervous systems?

1. The Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 The main processing unit of the body  Is composed of nerves emerging from the CNS
 Includes the brain (enclosed by the skull) and
the spinal cord (enclosed by the vertebral
column)
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Horse brain

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Cattle/Carabao’s brain

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Sheep/Goat’s brain

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Swine
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 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
1. Somatic
- supplies and receives fibers (neurons) to and from the skin,
skeletal muscles, joints and tendons.
- brings about quick adjustment of the muscles to changes in the
environment
2. Autonomic/Visceral
- supplies and receives fibers to and from smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle, and glands
- made up of visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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Subdivision of Autonomic Division

1. Parasympathetic division - important for control of normal body
functions. Ex: Normal operation of digestive system
2. Sympathetic division – also called “fight or flight” division; important
in helping us cope with stress.
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